When you have installed Magix Vegas Pro 14 a (cut down) version of NewBlue Titler Pro 3 ‘ll be installed. If you have older installations of Vegas Pro 12 or 13 and a license for NewBlue Titler Pro 2 (full) the installation process of Vegas Pro 14 ‘ll change (destroy) the older installations of NewBlue Titler Pro 2 (NewBlueFX should be ashamed)! Uninstalling the “NewBlue Vegas Pro Complete” package of Magix Vegas 14 ‘ll not cure this. When you ‘ll uninstall all the NewBlue Pro Titlers and you ‘ll install the latest NewBlue Titler Pro 2 version (OFX version) NewBlue Titler Pro 2 ‘ll crash Vegas Pro 14 when used (at least that is my experience). Visit us and download newblue fx keygen absolutely for free. Free downloads. Direct download via HTTP available. Video editing plugins from NewBlueFX are the most powerful easy-to-use video effects plugins on the market! Browse our FX plugins and start editing today! Installing NewBlue Vegas Pro Complete again ‘ll destroy the installations of Titler Pro 2 in Vegas Pro 12 and 13 again. At cost of losing NewBlue Titler Pro 3 and some other NewBlue filters in Vegas 14 I managed to install NewBlue Titler Pro 2 for Vegas Pro 12, 13 and 14. The key to success was not to install any OFX version of the titler but to install only the native “Sony Vegas Pro 64 bit” version. Bonus: a stable titler and project and template files in xml fomat instead of the encrypted formats of the later versions. I used this procedure: • Uninstall NewBlue Vegas Pro Complete (of Magix Vegas Pro 14 installation). • Uninstall NewBlue Titler Pro 2. • To be sure: run a register cleaner like CCleaner or Eusing Free Registry Cleaner. • Open the installer 140130 for NewBlue Titler Pro 2 (“NewBlueTitlerProForWindowsSetup20-140130.exe). Don’t use later (OFX) installers like NewBlueTitlerPro2-160330-216.exe! • In the installer deselect all options and check only “Sony Vegas Pro 64 bit” (not the OFX version). • Complete the installation. • Open Vegas Pro (12, 13 or 14). Open the titler “NewBlue Titler Pro 2.0” and activate with your serialnumber (license) of Titler Pro 2 (menu item “Help”). • Don’t update / upgrade. Don’t reinstall NewBlue Vegas Pro Complete (for Magix Vegas Pro 14). At this moment this workaround is good enough for me. Maybe this is working for you too. Use at your own risc.
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Kasir merupakan sesuatu yang sangat familiar bagi seseorang yang memiliki sebuah toko, baik itu toko buku, toko serba ada ataupun lainnya. Dengan kasir, proses transaksi pembayaran pun menjadi lebih cepat dan praktis. Selain itu, kegiatan mengontrol stok barang pun jadi lebih mudah karena sebuah software yang dapat menyimpan database stok barang sebuah toko. Harga-harga barang pun bisa juga di catat oleh software kasir toko. Pada kesempatan kali ini rakus akan men-share sebuah software kasir CashPoint 2.0.7. CashPoint merupakan software kasir yang sangat sederhana,mudah dipakai dan fitur-fitur di dalamnya sangat lengkap. It is a DOS program. (Trust me, your money doesn't care.) It will work with almost any receipt printer or regular computer printer. It will work without a printer but then you can't print receipts. You can use a scanner to read stock numbers. It will pop open a cash drawer attached to a receipt printer or some serial cash drawers. Software kasir minimarket full crack indonesia. Senin, 30 januari 2017 edit. Software kasir minimarket full crack. Software kasir minimarket full crack. Cash Point dapat digunakan untuk berbagai bentuk bidang usaha seperti retail, restoran, toko kecil, toko roti dan lain-lain. Setelah lama tidak update artikel karena memang lagi banyak orderan.he.he.he.(banyak kesibukan maksudnya) kini saatnya mengupdate artikel lagi. Namun update kali ini tidak seperti biasanya karena yang mau saya posting saat ini adalah berkaitan dengan pembukuan sederhana tentang alur transaksi pada toko, minimarket atau unit usaha yang lain dan masih berkaitan dengan jual beli. Jika sebelumnya Anda telah menemukan dan Anda sudah memperoleh manfaat dari sana, kini saatnya Anda mengatur management keuangannya secara lebih rapi. Apakah Anda mempunyai bisnis sendiri? Bagaimana Anda selama ini mengelola pembukuannya? Apakah Anda merasa bahwa pembukuan usaha Anda masih kurang rapi? Saya sarankan Anda menggunakan software toko ini. Ya, Software Toko Kasir adalah solusinya. Disini Anda bisa menemukan software toko yang mudah digunakan, sudah siap pakai, bebas error, sudah teruji & tentu saja SANGAT MURAH. Kini saatnya Anda tinggalkan cara lama Anda dalam mengatur pembukuan. Mulai pakai dengan software toko kasir untuk usaha/bisnis Anda. Tanpa ribet dan laporan Anda hanya tinggal klik - klik saja. Ya, Anda hanya tinggal disini. Apa yang bisa Anda dapatkan dari software ini? Hmm.cukup lengkap juga ya fiturnya? Semua Software Toko ini adalah software toko premium (BUKAN software gratisan) dan unlimited instal. Dan bisa dipakai mulai dari toko skala kecil hingga skala besar. Software toko profesional yang sangat lengkap dengan berbagai fitur seperti dibawah ini: • Master Item • Master Supplier • Master Pelanggan dan Grup Pelanggan • Master Sales • Master Satuan, Jenis, Bank, Gudang • Item Bisa untuk Barang, Jasa, Rakitan / Assembly, Non Inventory • Multi Satuan Konversi (Pak->Dus->Pcs) dll. • Multi Harga Jual (1 Harga/Harga berdasar Quantity/Harga Berdasar Level/Harga Berdasar Satuan) • Item Bergambar (Gambar bisa tampil pada saat Transaksi) • Diskon Bertingkat pada Item (Dapat Setting Diskon bertingkat pada masing-masing item, Contoh diskon Item Barang Bisa menggunakan Multi Serial • Bisa mencetak Barcode (Bisa membuat desain barcode dengan ukuran sendiri) Bisa dicetak pada printer barcode, Ink Jet, Laser). • Point Pelanggan (Point Tukar Barang atau Point Menjadi diskon). • Kartu Stok • Dan masih banyak lagi Software toko ini sudah dilengkapi dengan tutorial yang sangat komplit untuk memaksimalkan fitur - fiturnya. Gambaran tutorial dan fiturnya kurang lebih seperti dibawah ini. Nur Sapei - Indramayu No. Resi J&T: 81 Erly Purwaningsih - Cirebon No. Resi J&T: 80 Irwansyah - Nabire No. Resi POS: 0 Karmain - Kudus No. Resi JNE: MXGAE7 Bpk. Turky Umar - JakTim No. Resi JNE: MXGAE7 Rumah Azumy - Tangerang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE7 Akhirudin Amin - Bandar Lampung No. Resi J&T: 39 Zainal Abidin - Surakarta No. Resi JNE: MXGAE7 Agus Khomadi - Cirebon No. Resi J&T: 04 Zayyin Alfijihad - Nganjuk No. Resi POS: 5 Reno - Labuhan Batu Selatan No. Resi POS: 8 Dendy - Bogor No. Resi JNE: MXGAE7 Zaenal Arifin - Serang No. Resi POS: 6 Muhammad Yusuf - Semarang No. Resi POS: 2 Hesty Antari Tari - Magelang No. Resi POS: 9 Habibullah - Situbondo No. Resi POS: 3 Riki - Makassar No. Resi J&T: 89 Windah Aknesti - Surabaya No. Resi J&T: 90 Tony Suryanto - Kediri No. Resi J&T: 82 Pasek Meng - Denpasar No. Resi J&T: 83 Desi Marifah - Malang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE7 Kursiah - Kukar No. Resi J&T: 0 Dedi Y. - Tangsel No. Resi J&T: 60 Erik Irawan - Cilegon No. Resi JNE: MXGAE7 Bambang Yulianto - Tangerang No. Resi POS: 3 Didi - Sukabumi No. Resi JNE: MXGAE7 Darmadi Haris - Bekasi No. Resi J&T: 89 Arie Toyeng - Semarang No. Resi J&T: 23 Ahmad Sholehudin - Deli Serdang No. Resi POS: 2 Abdullah Syukur - Bekasi No. Resi J&T: 05 Andi Prastiawan - Denpasar No. Resi J&T: 17 Taufik Hermawan - Boyolali No. Resi POS: 9 Syaepul Bahri - Cikarang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE7 Moh. Taufiq - Semarang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE7 Aryaziz - Ngawi No. Resi POS: 6 Pur Yanes - Sidoarjo No. Resi JNE: MXGBA7 Lidia Shofi - Sidoarjo No. Resi JNE: MXGBA7 Daniel - Bekasi No. Resi JNE: MXGBA7 Ruky Prasetyo - Sidoarjo No. Resi J&T: 19 Gida - Cilegon No. Resi J&T: 98 Edo - JakBar No. Resi JNE: MXGBX7 Evy K. Ma'rifah - Nganjuk No. Resi JNE: MXGAE7 Ghina - Subang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE7 Tri Yulianto - Semarang No. Resi POS: 1 Poppy - JakTim No. Resi J&T: 22 Risto Ariwibowo - Ponorogo No. Resi J&T: 73 Sukendar - JakTim No. J&T: 77 Leonhard Maruasas - Tangerang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE7 Herlina - Tarakan No. Resi POS: 8 Didik S. - Indragiri Hilir No. Resi POS: 1 Syarifwal - Batam No. Resi POS: 4 Iis Chairunisa - Kutai Barat No. Resi POS: 0 Khair - Tangerang No. Resi J&T: 87 Puthut Setiawan - Sragen No. Resi J&T: 99 Sri Wati - Musi Rawas No. Resi JNE: MXGAA7 Sofia - Semarang No. Resi J&T: 58 Natanael Tarigan - Deli Serdang No. Resi POS: 1 Wahyudi - Cikarang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE7 Setyo Agung Nugroho - JakSel No. Resi JNE: MXGAE7 Dian Purbowati - Mataram No. Resi JNE: MXGAE7 Windiarto Setiawan - Purwokerto No. Resi POS: 0 Erni Sukanti - Bandung No. Resi POS: 6 Athung - Singkawang No. Resi POS: 1 Jupiter Widodo - Medan No. Resi POS: 8 Yuyung Purnomo - Makassar No. Resi POS:3 Arlend Setiawan - JakTim No. Resi JNE: MXGAE7 Setiadi - JakTim No. Resi JNE: MXGAE7 Dinda Emilia - Surabaya No. Resi JNE: MXGAA7 Bpk. Fahmi - Mojokerto No. Resi JNE: MXGAA7 Agus Rudiyanto - Surabaya No. Resi JNE: MXGAE7 Venus Tyas - JakBar No. Resi JNE: MXGAE7 Bpk. Sarjono - Purwokerto No. Resi JNE: MXGBA7 Agung Winarko - Surabaya No. Resi JNE: MXGAE7 M. Dinar Tanama - JakTim No. Resi JNE: MXGAE17 Andi Dewi Neswaty - Makassar No. Resi JNE: MXGAE7 Didik Nurhadi - Surabaya No. Resi JNE: MXGAE7 Windiastuti - JakTim No. Resi JNE: MXGAE7 Endriawan Wira - Pekanbaru No. Resi POS: 1 Nitra Safitri - Sarolangun No. Resi POS: 8 Viky - Mojokerto No. Resi POS: 5 Riza Perdana - Sukoharjo No. Resi POS: 2 Bpk Ali Nurdin - Tangerang No. Resi JNE: 004 Udi Utomo - Rembang No. Resi JNE: 005 Nel - JakPus No. Resi JNE: 006 Neni Ratnasari - Sragen No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Luthfi Isnaini - Semarang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Muji Lestari - Sleman No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Rizqi Sahputra - Tuban No. Resi POS: 4 Miftahul Huda - Bojonegoro No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Sani - JakSel No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Dinnin - Surabaya No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Dwi - JakPus No. Resi POS: 3 Yulfa Yuliana - JakSel No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Nur R. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Halim - JakSel No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Gandamana Komputer - Cimahi No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Eni Noviyanti - JakSel No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Ita Noviani - JakTim No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Elyanti - Bau Bau No. Resi POS: 5 Eko Zain Kusnanda - Sleman No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Arif Nur Prasetyo - Kebumen No. Resi POS: 2 Hening Paradigma - Bogor No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Syafri Latif - Makassar No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Peter Petrus - Jakarta No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Muhammad Nasirudin - Bandung No. Resi JNE: MXGAE Huda - Jakarta No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Erwin Haseini - Jakarta No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Bambang Giantoro - Tangerang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Andrianto - Jakarta No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Bu Andin - Bogor No. Resi JNE: MXGAA6 Ahmad Hanif Makki - Lamongan No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Yuanita Herman - Kuningan No. Resi POS: 2 Ahmad Sukri - Makassar No. Resi POS: 4 Candra Iswoyo - Batu No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Bpk. Irfan Razak - Balikpapan No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Andi - Surabaya No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Merda Dwi Susanti - Cikarang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Prio - Jaksel No. Resi J&T: 52 Yoke - Bekasi No. Resi JNE: 009 Damiri - Kab. Resi J&T: 48 M. Munir - Blitar No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Siti K. Malikah - Blitar No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Elih - Tarliah No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Febri/Siti Hamidah - Bogor No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Zaidan - Surabaya No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Bu Siti Nur S.H. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Agus Hendarto - Depok No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Beny Adrian - Tangerang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Deni SUsilo - Bekasi No. Resi POS: 5 Samat - Bogor No. Resi POS: 8 Juliana - Sidoarjo No. Resi POS: 1 Bpk. Sutrisno - Bandarlampung No. Resi POS: 8 Didit Achmadi - Tapos No. Resi POS: 1 Fahrudin - Cipiring No. Resi POS: 38 Sarwono - Bekasi No. Resi POS: 5 Nadia Fahrujiani - Kotawaringin Barat No. Resi POS: 8 Dhony - Surabaya No. Resi POS: 1 Hendriansyah - Muarawahau No. Resi POS: 9 Denisa Devi - Jaktim No. Resi POS: 3 Hisnu Hadiat H. Resi POS: 3 Jack Syauta - Ambon No. Resi POS: 3 Narulita Subakti P. - Sukabumi No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Iman Setiadi - Purwokerto No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Didik Astrazeneca - Sukoharjo No. Resi POS: 8 Bpk. Abdul Kadir - Pulau Bunyu No. Resi POS: 7 Cindy Solemin - Surabaya No. Resi POS: 9 Kris Budi K. Resi POS: 6 Erfan Emlison - Sungai Penuh No. Resi POS: 0 Afzal Farid Alfahmi - Bangkalan No. Resi POS: 8 Laily Fauziah - Jaktim No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Florentina - Bekasi No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Abdurrohman - Serang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Ariyadi - Samarinda No. Resi POS: 9 Ahlan Patingki - Manado No. Resi POS: 0 Fandi Ardiansyah - Jakbar No. Resi POS: 2 Wari Man - Bojonegoro No. Resi POS: 9 Suharmini - Jaksel No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Permadi - Tangerang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Much Yudianto - Bekasi No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Yadi Supriyadi - Indramayu No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Aris Nugroho - Surakarta No. POS: 4 Billy Adi Wijaya - Sukabumi No. Resi POS: 8 Denny Siswantoro - Jaksel No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Dedi Asmar - Karawang No. Resi POS: 1 Herry Prasetyo - Tangerang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Gian Dwi Saputro - Pondok Aren No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Rizky - Surabaya No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Bpk. Ganjar - Tangerang Selatan No. Resi JNE: MXGBA6 Apriadi Rahmad - Trikora No. Resi POS: 5 Khoirul Umam - Jaksel No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Farid Ma'ruf - Cikarang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Imang Hermawan – Cikarang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Erwin - Surabaya No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Ali Handoyo - Cirebon No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Achmad Machrus - Malang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Pande Made Surata – Denpasar No. Resi JNE: MXGAA6 Doni – Medan No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Deny Fajar Suryawan – Ponjong No. Resi POS: 9 Elzan T – Halmahera Barat No. Resi POS: 4 Aceng Kurnia – Ciparay No. Resi POS: 7 Murni Kiaymojo - Surabaya No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Yayan Adaw – Karawang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Ngatimin – Bengkulu No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Hardi – Tangerang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Andrew Octa P. – Jakarta No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Bpk. Farid – Palopo No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Mochamammad Ruslan – Malang No. Resi POS: Emral Aim – Bekasi No. Resi JNE: MXGAA6 Jeslyn – Batam No. Resi POS: 4 Azrul - Sidoarjo No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Luluk Meilany - Jakarta No. Resi JNE: MXGBA6 Arie Pratama - Indramayu No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Zuliyanto - Ungaran No. Resi JNE: MXGAE707343116 Achmad Rofiani - Palangkaraya No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Ibu Yuniar - Tanjung Pinang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Bpk. Jainuri - Jakarta No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Larasaty - Bekasi No. Resi POS: 8 Supardi - Tangerang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Reza Fachrudin - Jakarta No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Boy/Prima - Sidoarjo No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Aretasiwi - Malang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Nurtiningsih - Karanganyar No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Bina Akura - Jakarta No. Resi JNE: MXGAA6 Aleh Salehudin - Majalengka No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Iswandi - Cilegon No. Resi JNE: MXGBA6 Willyam - Jakarta No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Serma. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Toto Sujianto - Kotabaru No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Risky - Depok No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Dindin Saripudin - Jakarta No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Bayu - Sidoarjo No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Sumantri S. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Arifin - Sanggau No. Resi POS: 4 Rendi Dwi Putra - Kendal No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Ari Andayani - Surabaya No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Julianty - Bogor No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Heru Kristianto - Surabaya No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Maeskahar Akbar - Bekasi No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Muhammad Rahmad - Jakarta No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Marsudi - Semarang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Heriyanto - Jakarta Pusat No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Eben Wilim - Pontianak No. Resi POS: 9 Ziadatun Choiriyah - Kendal No. Resi POS: 2 Desly - Tangsel No. Resi POS: 5 Sapriansyah - Bogor No. Resi POS: 2 Arnanda - Pontianak No. Resi JNE: MXGBA6 Bayu Indra S. - Tabalong No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Yogia Mulyagara - Bekasi No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Yuni Sekar - Bandarlampung No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Matroji - Jakarta No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Lelly Fauziah - Malang No. Resi JNE: MXGBA6 Hendra - Bekasi No. Resi JNE: MXGBA6 Anton Tjahyono - Banjarmasin No. Resi JNE: MXGBA6 Reza Dewantoro - Jakarta Barat No. Resi JNE: 000 Mohtarom - Kendal No. Resi POS: 6 M. Yunies Edward - Jepara No. Resi POS: 2 Harry Respatyo - Depok No. Resi JNE: 003 Ahmad Nurmansyah - Luwu Timur No. Resi POS: 5 Habib Hamidy - Jakarta Selatan No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Agus Tantan - Bandung No. Resi POS: 6 Ibnu - Surabaya No. Resi POS: 3 Komang S. Konten - Jakarta Timur No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Ketut Darma Susila - Palembang No. Resi JNE: MXGBA6 Denny Pradana - Jakarta Barat No. Resi JNE: 002 Hasan - Batam No. Resi JNE: 001 Vingga - Jakarta Selatan No. Resi JNE: 000 Burhanurhatin - Mataram No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Fatchul Aziz - Ponorogo No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Hikmah - Tangerang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Aqsha Amanah - Surabaya No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Muhammad Guntur - Surabaya No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Mulyono - Jakarta Timur No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Erwin Sutisna - Karawang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Asminah/Edwin - Jakarta Timur No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Ishak Syaefullah - Subang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Sumantri Sulaeman - Jakarta Selatan No. Resi Jne: MXGAE6 Nanang H. Prasbowo - Mojokerto No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Andi Hermawan - Majalengka No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Agus Suproyatno - Cikarang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Fajrud Duha - Tuban No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Zev Onsu - Bekasi No. Resi POS: 8 Andika Rante - Jayapura No. Resi POS: 3 Andri Ramadani - Banjarmasin No. Resi POS: 0 Risal - Tanete Riattang Wata No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Syukri S. - Makassar No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Agus Suproyatno - Bekasi No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Lina Pristiwa - Jakarta Timur No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Agung Alfaranggo - Aceh Tenggara No. Resi POS: 7 Bpk. Hasan - Purwokerto No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 M. Eko Prasetyo - Sidoarjo No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Kardiono - Jakpus No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Yuyun Yuanita - Malang No. Resi JNE: MXGBA6 Chandra - Surabaya No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Rianty - Kampar No. Resi POS: 6 Adam - Tulungagung No. Resi POS: 4 UD. Dorang - Banyuwangi No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Hadi Pranoto - Jakarta Selatan No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Pandu Setiawan - Sidoarjo No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Rosmida - Jakarta Timur No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Nichal Agbas - Kudus No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Nur Istiqmal A. - Tangerang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Edy Zulkarnain - Bandung Ni. Resi JNE: MXGAA6 Dedi Rahmadi - Bekasi No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Mas Mumin - Bogor No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Aris/Riswandi - Sidoarjo No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Risti Caprita Anggraini - Probolinggo No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Sugeng Hariyanto - Surabaya No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Bpk. Aryo - Bekasi No. Resi JNE: 006 Dewa Putu Jayatana - Denpasar No. Resi JNE: 000 Yudi Saprudin - Jakarta Barat No. Resi JNE: MXGAE6 Toha - Bandarlampung No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Puji Rachmanto - Jakarta Selatan No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Siti Nurasiyah - Depok No. Resi POS: 0 Idris - Pekanbaru No. Resi POS: 1 Yono - Malang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Efendi Chung - Jakarta Barat No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Wahyu Prasetyo - Merauke No. Resi POS: 8 Kartika Sari - Pekanbaru No. Resi POS: 5 Yurnalia Puspita Dewi - Palembang No. Resi POS: 3 Andi Mulyanto - Dumai No. Resi POS: 9 Arihta Pandia - Medan No. Resi JNE: MXGBA5 Pardi S.Sos - Pontianak No. Resi JNE: MXGBA5 Studio Foto Video - Ponorogo No. Resi JNE: MXGBA5 Muslim Seru - Morotai Selatan No. Resi JNE: MXGBA5 Wahyu Widayat - Semarang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Jauhar Maulana - Bekasi No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Anumastore - Bekasi No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Wulan Humaidi - Tangerang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Achmad Sofyan - Bekasi No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Indra Gunawan - Manado No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Ryan Gumalar - Bandung No. Resi JNE: MXGAA5 Herru Soekarno - Yogyakarta No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Lukman Nur Hakim - Depok No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Sumantri Sulaeman - Jakarta Selatan No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Sulis Pujiantoro - Semarang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Rudi Klana - Sukabumi No. Resi JNE: MXGAA5 Agung Teguh S. - Palembang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Ach Zharico - Wakatobi No. Resi POS: 4 Syahrizal - Way Kanan No. Resi POS: 1 Agus S. - Tangerang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Sudirman - Soppeng No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Neng Siti Maryam - Bandung No. Resi POS: 0 Lina - Cimahi No. Resi POS: 2 Ropiani - Banjarbaru No. Resi JNE: MXGBA5 Syamsul Rijal - Mataram No. Resi JNE: MXGBA5 Yudi Hermawan - Cimahi No. Resi JNE: MXGBA5 Octo Munandar - Bekasi No. Resi JNE: MXGBA5 Alexander Mervin - Bandung No. Resi JNE: MXGBA5 Choirul Anam - Musi Rawas No. Resi POS: 5 Sodikun - Jakarta Barat No. Resi POS: 2 Agus Harianto - Lumajang No. Resi POS: 7 Aris Sutrisno - Banjarnegara No. Resi JNE: MXGBA5 Frideni Putri - Bandung No. Resi POS: 3 Hendra - Pontianak No. Resi JNE: MXGBA5 Tito Hidratul Qudsi - Surabaya No. Resi JNE: MXGBA5 Lalu Kurniawan - Lombok Barat No. Resi POS: 7 Anton Khrisna - Tangerang No. Resi JNE: MXGBA5 Joko Adi Nugroho - Denpasar No. Resi JNE: MXGBA5 Satriani - Enrekang No. Resi POS: 7 Harry - Mataram No. Resi JNE: MXGBA5 Reza Setiawan - Tangerang No. Resi: MXGBA5 Hana Marhaennis - Semarang No. Resi JNE: MXGBA5 SMST Luthfy W. - Yogyakarta No. Resi JNE: MXGBA5 M. Jamal - Binjai Utara No. Resi JNE: MXGBA5 Handy Tamin - Jakarta No. Resi JNE: MXGBA5 Thukul Trisno - Bogor No. Resi JNE: MXGBA5 Adit - Jakarta Utara No. Resi JNE: 001 Bpk. Satijo - Bandar Lampung No. Resi: 7 Ade Firmansyah - Purwakarta No. Resi POS: 7 Supriyanto - Tangerang No. Resi JNE: MXGBA5 Adit - Cibinong No. Resi JNE: MXGBA5 Willy Sukamto - Tangerang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Wilson Budijono - Jakarta Barat No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Dr. Berlian Yulriyanita - Jakarta Selatan No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Taufik Hidayat - Bandar Lampung No. Resi JNE: MXGBA5 Cinthya - Bandung No. Resi POS: 4 Luxie Sesar - Bandar Lampung No. Resi JNE: 001 Noval - Tanjungpandan No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Rianto Prabowo - Malang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Ibu Anjarwati - Sidoarjo No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Neti - Jakarta Timur No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Ian Nurung - Samarinda No. Resi POS: 4 Arman - Polewali Mandar No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Marsya - Tarakan No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Sugiarto Rosyman - Makassar No. Resi POS: 3 Suseno Gunawan - Malang No. Resi POS: 7 Astrini Syamsuddin - Makassar No. Resi POS: 7 Juli Hari Stiawan - Lombok Timur No. Resi POS: 5 Jerry - Jakarta No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Icha - Palembang No. Resi POS: 0 Sofian Gus Dori - Tangerang Selatan No. Resi POS: 7 Ignasius Bayu Purnomo - Jakarta Pusat No. Resi JNE: 001 Refi Suryani - Cilacap No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Irwan Purnama - Blitar No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Indah Juneta - Tangerang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Joeinarto - Jambi Timur No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Askhev - Bekasi No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Peri Irawan - Tangerang No. Resi POS: 4 Muhamada Aziz - Jakarta No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Arnuzuan - Palembang No. Resi JNE: MXGBA5 Intan Ineke - Jakarta Barat No. Resi JNE: 001 Adi - Bekasi No. Resi POS: 0 Andhika Bagus - Blitar No. Resi JNE: MXGBA5 Panji Krisna Mukti - Jakarta No. Resi JNE: MXGBF5 Sandi Sanjaya - Jakarta Utara No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Prima Yulianto - Demak No. Resi POS: 6 Rio Arbeni - Bekasi No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Miswan - Bekasi No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Timothy - Tangerang No. Resi POS: 4 Sonie Halim - Samarinda No. Resi POS: 1 Rudy - Bogor No. Resi POS: 4 Fitra Firmanto - Balikpapan No. Resi POS: 1 Budi Purnomo - Bekasi No. Resi POS: 4 Layim Heryana - Karawang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 FSI RI Kaharudin - Makassar No. Resi POS: 3 Gatot Kartono - Cirebon No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Agus Christiantono - Bekasi No. Resi JNE: MXGAA5 Eka Reza - Kab. Resi JNE: MXGAA5 Yuyus Muslim - Ciamis No. Resi POS: 2 Bunda Rafa - Cikarang Utara No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Riyansyah - Lubuk Baja No. Resi POS: 8 Joko Lasono - Solo No. Resi JNE: MXGAA5 Oka Susila - Buleleng No. Resi POS: 6 Saepudin - Jakarta Utara No. Resi POS: 9 Herry - Jakarta No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Whendy Fibrianto - Balikpapan Selatan No. Resi JNE: MXGAA5 Endri Wibowo - Kudus No. Resi JNE: MXGAA5 Echsan Sisca - Ogan Komering Ulu No. Resi POS: 7 Fiddy Leonardi - Bogor No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Ipin Suhadi - Bengkulu No. Resi POS: 9 Sigit - Depok No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Abu Nasor - Bekasi No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Adi Tofik Hidayat - Bekasi No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Susanto - Kota Metro No. Resi POS: Chairil Adam Rosyadi - Berau No. Resi POS: 9 Hairullah - Lamandau No. Resi JNE: MXGBA5 Eko Yudhianto - Probolinggo No. Resi JNE: MXGBA5 Yunitha Kodomo - Tabanan No. Resi POS: 8 Denden Ruhdani - Jakarta No. Resi POS: 1 Venny Wibisono - Surabaya No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Heri Kiswanto No. Resi POS: 6 Rahmad Budiman - Labusel No. Resi POS: 6 Halim - Martapura No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Richard Liyanta - Surabaya No. Resi POS: 7 Andi - Cirebon No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Swiss Teddy - Bekasi No. Resi POS: 0 Edy Yulianto - Pekalongan No. Resi POS: 7 Maria Ulfah - Garut No. Resi POS: 1 Bangbang - Soreang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Yoga Gudang - Surabaya No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Herlena Aryani - Pangkalpinang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Sumiati - Sambas No. Resi POS: 7 Vincent - Jakarta No. Resi POS: 5 Adjie Sakul - Singaraja No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Habib - Cilacap No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 M. Henry Fahlevi - Jakarta No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Sulaiman - Balikpapan No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Julius Mathys - Bekasi No. Resi POS: 8 M. Syamsul Arifin - Magetan No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Iwan Sumpena - Bekasi No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Tedy Firmanudin - Bekasi No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Putu Gde Narasantha - Denpasar No. Resi POS: 9 M. Irfan Fauzi - Tegal No. Resi POS: 2 Aji Baudin - Balikpapan No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Royan Herry Soedjadmoko - Sampang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Dika Wilyana - Denpasar No. Resi POS: 3 H. Dhani - Palangkaraya No. Resi POS: 2 Muhammad Halilintar - Semarang No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Dika Achyariau Ansyah - Batam No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Tia Erla Mutiara - Bandung Barat No. Resi POS: 6 Iman Budianto - Sukabumi No. Resi JNE: MXGBF5 Tari Indriyani - Sragen No. Resi JNE: MXBGF5 Mashuri - Sindenreng Rappang No. Resi POS: 8 Antonius Ama Beda - Malang No. Resi POS: 5 Dodi Ajat Sudrajat - Tasikmalaya No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Fay Iskandar - Pondok Gede, Bekasi No. Resi POS: 4 Christian Rudolf - Bekasi No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Bpk. Muhammad Toriq - Pasuruan No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Deny Gunawan - Jakarta Utara No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Bpk. Iwan Prasetyo - Semarang No. Resi POS: 8 Kristinawati - Tulungagung No. Resi POS: 5 Mila Astria - Bogor No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Bpk. Yohan Widodo - Surabaya No. Resi POS: 3 Bpk. Sahirul Alim - Banyumas No. Resi POS: 6 Bpk. James - Pontianak No. Resi POS: 3 Bpk. Tedy Juanda - Bandar Lampung No. Resi POS: 5 Bpk. Yoga Pratama - Denpasar Np. Resi POS: 8 Ryan Gumalar - Bandung No. Resi POS: 5 Alex Dhika - Malang No. HP: 082280082xxx Pengiriman: C.O.D. Resi POS: 4 Bpk. Rohmanudhin - Kebumen No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Aling - Jakarta Barat No. Resi POS: 5 Bpk. Tony - Penjaringan, Jakarta Utara No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Bpk. Satria Mandiangan - Nabire No. Resi POS: 7 Bpk. Dimas Perdana - Cilacap No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Bpk. Ahmad Hadi - Jember No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Bpk. Kasmis - Kolaka No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Bpk. - Jakarta Utara No. Resi POS: 2 Warna Siska - Kab. Bogor No.Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Bpk. Adinto Fajar - DKI Jakarta No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Bpk. Mulyawan - Surabaya No. Resi WAHANA: 648 Anoy Lingga - Tangerang Selatan No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Bpk Fery Evendy - Bogor No. Resi JNE: 009 Gisela - Pontianak No. Resi POS: 3 Bpk Rucky Cahyadi - Tangerang No. Resi POS: 6 Bpk Zunus Safrudin - Bantul No. Resi JNE: 007 Bpk Yadin - Mataram No. Resi POS: 6 Hendro - Kudus No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Yulmanizar - Jakarta Selatan No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 A Phin - Cikupa No. Resi JNE: MXGAE Bpk. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Bpk. Arif Simafudin - Ciamis No. Resi JNE: MXGAE5 Sugih Marten - Bogor No. Resi JNE: MXGAE4 Bpk. Azhari Sari - Ciputat No. Resi POS: 3 Bpk. Haris Hariadi - Sampang No. Resi POS: 3 Dewi Eka F. - Surabaya No. Resi POS: 1 Andriyani SH. - Yogyakarta No. Resi POS: 5 Bpk. Probo - Bojonegoro No. Resi POS: 3 Bpk. Lili Rusdiana - Bekasi No. Resi POS: 5 Bpk. Jamal Salim - Sleman No. Resi POS: 6 Bpk. - Cibinong No. Resi JNE: MXGAE4. Click to Download this video! Series:Original Work. Artist:Uesugi Kyoushirou. Tag:Episodic, Group, Harem, Idol, Kimono, Lingerie, Lolicon, Pettanko, Shotacon, Stockings, Vanilla, X Ray. Hakihome-Hentai Manga-The Girl with the Kitty Ears. The Girl with the Kitty Ears. HotPads is The Place to Find Your Place. Real Estate, Apartments, Rental Houses, Homes for Sale, Sublets, Roommates. Free to Search. Download stock images, royalty free photography and rights managed images as well subscription stock photos and stock footage. For sale: $2,950,000. Last remaining beautiful two bedroom residence encompassing the entire Western side of the building providing fantastic light, sunset, and open city views. In addition to an amazing Empire State Building view, the spacious corner living room also has a spectacular Chrysler view to the North with a straight shot up the Lexington Ave corridor, while the master bedroom captures an open city vista including World Trade Center to the South. Every room has 10 foot ceilings with floor-to-ceiling windows to match. The open kitchen is wonderful for entertaining and your vented washer/dryer makes life easy. Your Lexington Avenue midtown address puts transportation at your fingertips, the neighborhood provides idyllic tree-lined townhouse blocks to stroll, and the Grand Central Market is a food lovers delight putting your Bertazzoni oven happily to use. 325 Lex is a newly completed condominium with a 24 hour doorman, live-in resident manager, fitness center designed by The Wright Fit, roof terrace and 421A tax abatement. Available for immediate occupancy. • • • • • • • •. For sale: $1,375,000. Located in the private enclave of distinctive homes of Harvard and Highland, in the historic Belmont District, this luxury condominium residence offers beautifully landscaped gardens, gracious courtyards and artistic water features, all within a private and secure setting. Fashioned from materials of uncompromising quality with elegantly appointed finishes. Private terrace is enclosed with brick walls, cedar hedges and wrought iron fencing. Exceptional parking and 3 fully equipped exercise rooms. Seashells are architectural wonders and this 4-piece set will enhance any beach cottage theme. Included is Nautical Beauty, Seaside Souvenir, Aquatic Allure, and Ocean Treasure. This artist grade canvas has natural colored edges and is stretched using a high end spline finish. This canvas is ready to hang and UV coated to prevent fading. Artist: Keith Mallett Title: Seaside Shells Product Type: 4-piece Canvas Art Set Style: Contemporary Format: Square Size: Small Subject: Sea and Shore Outside Dimensions: 12 inches high x 12 inches wide x.75 inches deep (Each) This canvas is being custom built for you. Please allow 10 business days for the product to leave our warehouse. This canvas artwork is created individually by hand to your order. By combining the best materials, handmade methods and preservation an accurate and detailed representations of the artist's original has been developed, complete with subtle shading, color tones, and lighting. Though a more time-consuming and labor intensive method, the final result is a superb high-resolution artwork presented on the texture of natural canvas. Considered far superior to a paper print in both the visual perspective and the lasting durability, breathable cotton canvas art has remained virtually ageless over decades and centuries, as the preferred media by both the Masters and contemporary artists alike. Without the potential for fading, yellowing, and warping experienced with many poster prints This canvas artwork continues to stand the test of time. Each canvas artwork order is created from start to finish by a experienced artisans within a shop to the highest standards. Beginning with the high-resolution image from the artist's publisher, proprietary handmade methods are applied to fuse the image to artist-quality cotton canvas with multiple clear coatings of UV, moisture, and color protectants. The protectants are allowed to air dry, without applying heat, preserving the integrity of the canvas art beyond industry standards. The entire process is completed by traditional methods using hand-tools and brushes, without any mechanization. Each artwork order is carefully inspected prior to shipment to ensure customer satisfaction. The final product has been praised by both famous artists and loyal customers as closely matching the original artwork. As with a canvas original, this canvas artwork was created to provide a lifetime of beauty and pleasure. Color: White. Title: red plumage xl dimensions: overall measurement of 84' x 36' x 2' (213.36 cm x 91.44 cm x 5.08 cm) including the 1' spacing between each panel. The pre-installed brackets allow the artwork to 'float' of the wall 2', adding to the 3 dimensional effect color:red jewel tone this color will infuse energy into any setting. 'red plumage xl' is a unique, brightly colored metal painting is the perfect abstract metal painting to add excitement and intrigue to your decor. It's a handmade piece of original artwork that features beautiful red jewel tone and is a three-dimensional wall sculpture that will be that modern touch every home needs. Jon's hand textured intricacies and carvings into the metal capture and reflect surrounding light sources creating enhanced interaction with dramatic illusions of depth and 3d movement as viewed from different angles. Hang it in your living room, bedroom, kitchen, bathroom, office, or outdoors. This abstract metal art will wow and impress your guests. Display under natural lighting or make this original artwork the show stopping centerpiece of any room with track lighting or gallery spot lights for dramatic effect. Lighting and other environmental factors interact with metal artwork in a unique, organic way. Along with this signed piece of original metal art, every package includes easy mounting instructions, a measuring tool guide for simple installation, tips on lighting and other helpful information, and a certificate of authenticity. Unique pre-installed brackets for hanging are mounted to the back of each piece and 'float' the artwork off the wall approximately 2'. You can display this piece horizontally or vertically. Due to a wide variety of wall types, nails screws for hanging are not provided. Every piece is quality inspected, gallery wrapped, and prepared carefully for safe global transit. Please see our shop policies for more information on our shipping and return policies: contact us at studio at statements2000.com or call 561.249.1587 for any information or questions. Copy and paste the link below into your browser and once you sign up we'll email you the coupon code. Display this abstract wall hanging in your home to infuse your interior space with an artistic touch of elegance. With a soothing and harmonious blend of soft colors, this contemporary wall hanging imparts a peaceful aura to your room. This ink-print gallery-wrapped canvas art comes in a generous size, ensuring that it fills your wall with an impressive presence. This striking piece of wall decor will rejuvenate your home. Made in the USA from US and imported parts. Provides a creative and artistic touch to any wall decor Calm and cool colors provides a peaceful ambiance to your room Comes in extra large to ensure it will fit on any wall Abstract piece of art is ideal for any contemporary home Details: Artist: Alexis Bueno Title: Abstract Spa Product type: Gallery Wrapped Canvas Art Style: Contemporary Medium: Ink Print Materials: Canvas, wood Size Choice: 30 in. W Color: Blue. The Creative Collage Vintage Maps 64 Piece Wallpaper allows you to express your wanderlust while providing a modern and stylish statement in your home. Featuring 64 vintage images of old style maps in complementing colours, the wallpaper is easy to apply and each panel can be trimmed and/or overlapped for a completely personalised style. The multicoloured panels provide a bold, contemporary look ideal for any room or office that will bring back pleasant memories of your adventures abroad. Creative Collage Vintage Maps 64 Piece Wallpaper. Features 64 vintage style images of maps. The easy-to-apply wallpaper includes wallpaper paste. Can be trimmed and overlapped for a distinct and customised wall. Fits any sized wall. Can be used on walls and/or ceilings. Each panel measures 37.5 x 27.5cm. Brand: 1 Wall. Size / Fit: Each panel measures 37.5 x 27.5cm. Custom NEW residence in Tuxedo Park, perfect for the sophisticated buyer that wants extraordinary attention to detail. This residence is the Ferrari of luxury real estate in Atlanta. Hand cut stone exterior w/ slate roof system. Interior has light filled rooms 2 story living room & outdoor loggia. Energy efficient geothermal HVAC systems, Crestron, 70 foot pool/spa, gym, elevator. Terrace level has screening room with the latest McIntosh audio equipment. Flat, grassy back yard beyond the pool. Separate suite over garages for bedrooms/guest house. Room for pool house. Approximately 30, 000 square feet on five floors, built of solid granite and steel infrastructure, with 12 bedrooms, 19 bathrooms, indoor basketball court, movie theatre, 11-car garages, 4000-bottle wine cellar, elevator, extraordinary finish details, ultimate privacy and security, this is a magnificent structure that doesn't forget it's a home first. 18 Frick Drive includes a main house complex, secondary service wings and a carriage house attached via a turreted porte-cochere. There is a ballroom, formal dining room, great room, library, den, master suite including 2 bathrooms and dressing suites, private movie theatre, 3 bars, full spa and fitness center. The estate has a fully equipped staff apartment and separate pool house & despite its grand size, this home provides an exceedingly manageable daily living environment. Conveniently located just 8 miles from NYC. Ideally suited for the most discriminating buyer, this stunning newly built 4+1 bdrm custom home is situated on a picture perfect 100 x 150 ft lot in the charming and prestigious South East Oakville area. Appointed with beautiful quarter sawn white oak floors, finished on-site, Pella windows, custom cabinetry, extensive millwork, natural stone surfaces, high quality appliances and fixtures through- out. The fabulous floor plan grants over 5600 sq ft of total living space, flowing seamlessly with an open concept kitchen and family room. The large gourmet kitchen extends into a covered outdoor entertaining area with gas fireplace, built- in television, and cooking area. The home’s second floor boasts four generously sized bedrooms, each with their own private en suite. Retreat to one of the many breathtaking bathrooms with heated floors and custom vanities. The home’s lower level is generously appointed with spacious recreational and entertaining areas, complete with fully equipped bar, and private area with adjacent bathroom housing a built-in glass steam shower. Walking distance to Maple Grove PS Elementary and Oakville Trafalgar HS. • • • • • • • •. Approximately 30, 000 square feet on five floors, built of solid granite and steel infrastructure, with 12 bedrooms, 19 bathrooms, indoor basketball court, movie theatre, 11-car garages, 4000-bottle wine cellar, elevator, extraordinary finish details, ultimate privacy and security, this is a magnificent structure that doesn't forget it's a home first. 18 Frick Drive includes a main house complex, secondary service wings and a carriage house attached via a turreted porte-cochere. There is a ballroom, formal dining room, great room, library, den, master suite including 2 bathrooms and dressing suites, private movie theatre, 3 bars, full spa and fitness center. The estate has a fully equipped staff apartment and separate pool house & despite its grand size, this home provides an exceedingly manageable daily living environment. Conveniently located just 8 miles from NYC. A stunning display of architectural elegance boasting essential comforts, lavish details, and European style craftsmanship. Constructed like a fortress, the complete exterior is hand-chiseled granite, slate roof, copper gutters/leaders. A grand foyer of marble and mahogany doors with leaded glass inserts, crystal chandeliers, and hand-painted ceiling mural surrounded by a mezzanine leading to spacious bedrooms and gallery. 2 master bedroom suites with luxurious baths. Additional bedrooms with en-suite granite baths. Wall of windows in living room overlook a huge granite patio, outdoor kitchen, spectacular in-ground pool surrounded by travertine, and fabulous grounds. A formal oval dining room with walls of cabinetry. A handsome library with richly paneled walls. The family room opens to a gourmet kitchen, • • • • • • • •. Approximately 30, 000 square feet on five floors, built of solid granite and steel infrastructure, with 12 bedrooms, 19 bathrooms, indoor basketball court, movie theatre, 11-car garages, 4000-bottle wine cellar, elevator, extraordinary finish details, ultimate privacy and security, this is a magnificent structure that doesn't forget it's a home first. 18 Frick Drive includes a main house complex, secondary service wings and a carriage house attached via a turreted porte-cochere. There is a ballroom, formal dining room, great room, library, den, master suite including 2 bathrooms and dressing suites, private movie theatre, 3 bars, full spa and fitness center. The estate has a fully equipped staff apartment and separate pool house & despite its grand size, this home provides an exceedingly manageable daily living environment. Conveniently located just 8 miles from NYC. Grand & extraordinarily gracious 7BR, 9.1 Bath Spanish Colonial Revival estate. Originally built, circa 1913, & completely re-built in 2000. Privately perched on 2.3 acres of prime Northside property. Highlights include: ceiling heights up to 10 1/2' in formal spaces; custom mahogany millwork & oak floors throughout; unique serpentine front staircase w/ custom cast iron hand-forged staircase balusters; Kitchen w/ island seating for 8, granite countertops, limestone backsplash & high-end stainless steel appliances. 6 Ensuite BR's in Main House. Expansive Lower Level w/ Rec./ Game Rm., Pub Rm., Exercise Rm., Full Bath, Sitting Room & Locker Room. Two-story Guest Suite w/ access from Porte Cochere. 13, 000SF of living space. Just blocks away from Summit's downtown & NYC transportation. Grand & extraordinarily gracious 7BR, 9.1 Bath Spanish Colonial Revival estate. Originally built, circa 1913, & completely re-built in 2000. Privately perched on 2.3 acres of prime Northside property. Highlights include: ceiling heights up to 10 1/2' in formal spaces; custom mahogany millwork & oak floors throughout; unique serpentine front staircase w/ custom cast iron hand-forged staircase balusters; Kitchen w/ island seating for 8, granite countertops, limestone backsplash & high-end stainless steel appliances. 6 Ensuite BR's in Main House. Expansive Lower Level w/ Rec./ Game Rm., Pub Rm., Exercise Rm., Full Bath, Sitting Room & Locker Room. Two-story Guest Suite w/ access from Porte Cochere. 13, 000SF of living space. Just blocks away from Summit's downtown & NYC transportation. Transform any room in the home with the commanding Red Telephone Box wall mural. The visually striking piece of wall art features the famous red box taking centre stage in a black and white shot, adding a contemporary feel. The mural comes in 4 easy to hang pieces, measuring 3.15 metres wide and 2.32 metres high, for statement making decor. Wall mural of the iconic British Red Telephone Box. 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Battlepaths - Playable. Bejeweled III - Playable. Ben There, Dan That! BigFishGames.com - Games are not playable due to activation errors. (Tested by.) Binary Domain - Playable. (Windows 7 Compatibility Mode.) Bioshock - Playable. Bioshock 2 - Playable. Bioshock Infinite - Playable. Blade Kitten - Playable. Blades of Time - Playable. (Tested by Deadeyez.) Blake Stone: Aliens Of Gold (Original) - Playable. (Apogee Throwback Pack via Steam through DosBox.) Blake Stone: Planet Strike! (Original) - Playable. (Apogee Throwback Pack via Steam through DosBox.) Bleed - Playable. Bloodsports.TV - Playable. (Tested by Deadeyez.) Bionic Commando - Playable. Bionic Commando Rearmed - Playable. Borderlands - Playable. (Tested by.) Borderlands 2 - Playable. Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel - Playable. (Tested by.) BF 1942 - Playable. ) Breach - Playable. (Tested by.) Broforce - Playable. The Bureau: XCOM Declassified - Playable. Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare - Playable. Call of Duty: Black Ops II - Playable. Call of Duty: Black Ops II Multiplayer - Playable. Call of Duty: Black Ops III - Playable. Call of Duty: Modern Warfare II - Playable. (Windows 7 Compatibility Mode.) Call of Duty IV: Modern Warfare - Playable. (Tested by.) Call of Duty: Modern Warfare III - Playable. (Tested by.) Call of Duty: World at War - Playable. (Tested by.) Call of Juarez: Bound in Blood - Playable. (Tested by.) Captain America: The Winter Soldier (Free game in Store) - Playable. Castle Crashers - Playable. The Cave - Playable. Needed to verify game integrity. Cities: Skylines - Playable. (Tested by.) Civil War II - Playable. (Tested by.) Civilization 5 - Playable. (Needed to install direct X from the game folder. This fixed the crash issue.) (Tested by.) Clickr - Playable. Clicker Heroes - Playable (Tested by.) Command and Conquer: Red Alert 3 - Playable. Command and Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight - Playable. Commandos 3: Destination Berlin - Playable. (Couldn't check screen resolution and had some display flickering in the Menu, but game played fine with no flickering once loaded.) Company Of Heroes 2 - Playable. Counter Strike (as well as Condition Zero and Source) - Playable. (Tested by.) Counter Strike Nexon Zombies - Not Playable. (Tested by.) Counter Strike: Global Offensive - Playable. Crusader: No Remorse - Playable. (Tends to crash on exiting. Tested by.) Crusader Kings 2 - Playable. (Tested by.) Cry of Fear - Not Playable. (Crashes at title screen. Tested by.) Crysis - Playable. (Tested by.) Crysis 2: Maximum Edition - Playable. (Windows Defender excluded and ran in Win 8 compatibility mode.) Crysis 3 - Playable. (Tested by.) Crysis Warhead - Playable. Cubeworld - Playable. (Crashes when exiting. Tested by.) The Cursed Crusade - Playable. Universe Online - Playable. (Tested by.) Daikatana - Playable. (Full screen only works with 800x600 or lower. Could be related to my set up though.) Dark Messiah of Might & Magic - Playable. Dark Soul - Playable. (Tested by Deadeyez.) The Darkness II - Playable. Darkest Dungeon - Playable. (Tested by Deadeyez.) Darkreign 2 - Playable. ) Darksiders - Playable. Darksiders 2 - Playable. (had some issues at first try.) Darkwood - Playable. (Tested by.) Dawn Of War (Soul Storm) - Playable. (Played through 2 online games with no issues.) Dawn Of War II - Playable. Dawn Of War II: Chaos Rising - Playable. Dead Effect - Playable. Dead Island - Playable. W hen using multiple monitors, disable a monitor so the game will always stay focused. (Tested by.) Dead Island: Riptide - Playable. W hen using multiple monitors, disable a monitor so the game will always stay focused. (Tested by.) Deadpool - Playable. (Tested by.) Dead Rising 3 - Playable but with issues. (Longer than normal load times. And display issues, with light and shadows. **Still need to check with single card vs. Crossfire, but it worked fine in Windows 7 for me***) Dead Space - Playable. (Tested by.) Dead Space 2 - Playable. (Tested by.) Deathtrap - Playable. (Tested by Deadeyez.) Defense Grid: The Awakening - Not Playable. (Tested by.) Defense Grid 2 - Playable. Defiance - Playable. (Tested by.) Deus EX: Game Of The Year Edition (steam ver) - Playable. (Needed some tweaking to the display settings in Windows prior to loading the game. I reckon this will depend on your monitor and some folks will have no issues.) Deus EX: Human Revolution - Playable. Deus EX: The Fall - Playable. Devil May Cry 4 - Playable in Direct X10 (Not playable when run with default.) Diablo III - Playable. (Tested by.) Dishonored - Playable. (Windows 8 Compatibility Mode.) Divinity: Original Sin - Playable. (Tested by Deadeyez.) Don't Starve - Playable. (Tested by.) Don't Starve Together - Playable. (Tested by.) Doom 3 - Playable. (Tested by ) Driver - Playable. ) Dragon Age: Origins - Playable. (Tested by.) Dragon Age II - Playable. Duke Nukem 3D: Megaton Edition - Playable. Dungeon Defenders - Playable. (Tested by Deadeyez.) Dungeons 2 - Playable. (Tested by Deadeyez.) Dungeonland - Playable. Dying Light - Playable. (Tested by.) Shadowgrounds - Not Playable. Crashed after menu at game load. Shadowgrounds: Survivor - Not Playable. Crashed after menu at game load. Earth 2150 Trilogy - Playable. Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind - Playable. (Tested by.) Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion - Playable. (Tested by.) Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim - Playable. Eldorado: Halo Online - Playable. (Tested by.) Elite Dangerous - Playable. (Tested by.) The Escapists - Playable. (Tested by.) ETHER VAPOR - Playable. (Tested by.) Europa Universalis IV - Playable. Eve Online - Playable. (Tested by.) Everquest - Playable. (Tested by dozrguy.) Everquest 2 - Playable. (Tested by.) Extreme Rise Of The Triad (Original) - Playable. (Apogee Throwback Pack via Steam through DosBox.) E.Y.E. Divine Cybermancy - Playable. Fallout 3: Game Of The Year Edition - Playable. (Tested by.) Fallout: New Vegas - Playable. Fallout 4 - Playable. Far Cry 2 - Playable. Far Cry 3 - Playable. (Played through the intro and first radio tower.) Fary Cry 3: Blood Dragon - Playable. Far Cry 4 - Playable. (Tested by.) Farming Simulator (2011, 2013, 2015) - All Playable. (Tested by.) Faster Than Light (FTL) - Playable. 2 - Playable. Verify game cache integrity if you have issues or try running in Windows 8 Compatibility. (Tested by.) F.E.A.R. 3 - Playable. Verify game cache integrity if you have issues or try running in Windows 8 compatibility mode. (Tested by.) Final Fantasy IV - Playable. (Tested by.) Final Fantasy VII - Playable. Final Fantasy VIII - Playable. (Tested by.) Firefall - Playable. Five Nights At Freddy's (I, II, & III) - All playable. (Tested by.) FORCED - Playable The Forest - Playable. (Tested by.) Frogger (1997) - Playable. (Tested by ) Frogger 2: Swampy Revenge - Playable. Gabriel Knight - Playable. (Tested by.) Game Dev Tycoon - Playable. Garry's Mod - Playable. (Tested by.) Gas Guzzlers Extreme - Playable. (Tested by Deadeyez.) Ghostbusters: Sanctum of Slime - Playable. Giana Sisters: Twisted Dreams - Playable. Goat Simulator - Playable. (Tested by.) Godus - Playable. (Tested by.) GRID - Playable. GRID 2 - Playable. Grim Dawn - Playable. (Tested by.) GTA (Original GTA. Steam version that came with bundle) - Not Playable. (Display Issues.) GTA 2 - Playable. GTA III - Playable. GTA: San Andreas - Playable. GTA IV - Playable. See his reply on pg. 8 for details.) GTA V - Playable. Some screen tearing, vsync, and start up issues.) Grand Theft Auto 5 iFruit App (Windows Store) - Not playable. (Tested by.) GTA: Vice City (with patch) - Playable. (Tested. ) Guns of Icarus Online - Playable. Guild Wars 2 - Playable. (Tested by.) Guilty Gear Isuka - Playable. Don't click Esc. (Tested by.) Halo 2 - Playable. (Tested by.) (Skip intro video using h2launcher.) Half-Life - Playable. ) Half-Life: Source - Playable. Half-Life 2 - Playable. Half-Life 2: Deathmatch - Playable. Hamachi - Not Playable. (Tested by.) Hard Reset - Playable. (Tested by.) HAWKEN - Playable. Heart's Of Iron 3 - Playable. (Tested by.) Hellgate London - Playable. (Tested by.) Heroes Of Might and Magic III (GOG Ver) - Playable. (Tested by.) Heroes Of Might and Magic III: HD Edition (Steam Ver) - Playable. Heroes Of Might and Magic IV (uPlay Ver) - Playable. Heroes Of Might and Magic V (uPlay Ver) - Playable. Heroes Of Might and Magic VI - Playable. (Tested by.) Heroes Of Might and Magic X Legacy - Playable. (Tested by.) Heroes Of The Storm - Playable. (Tested by Deadeyez.) Hitman: Codename 47 - Playable. Hitman 2: Silent Assassin - Playable. Hitman: Contracts - Playable. Hitman: Blood Money - Playable. Hitman: Absolution - Playable. Hitman: Sniper Challenge - Playable. How To Survive - Playable. (Windows 8 Compatibility Mode.) Injustice: God's Among Us Ultimate Edition - Playable. Imperialism 2 - Playable. (Tested by.) Interstellar Marines - Playable. The Joylancer: Legendary Motor Knight - Playable. Judge Dredd: Dredd vs Death - Playable. Just Cause - Playable. (Windows XP Compatibility Mode.) Just Cause 2 - Playable. Needed to verify integrity of game cache first. (Tested by.) Just Cause 2: Multiplayer Mod - Playable. Needed to verify integrity of game cache first. (Tested by.) Kane & Lynch: Dead Men - Playable. (Need to.) Kane & Lynch 2: Dog Days - Playable. Killing Floor - Playable. Killing Floor 2 - Playable. Need to set KFGame.exe to run as admin.) L.A. Noire - Playable. (Tested by.) Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light - Playable. Lara Croft and the Temple of Osiris - Playable. Left 4 Dead - Playable. Left 4 Dead 2 - Playable. League of Legends - Playable. (Tested by Deadeyez.) Legacy of Kain: Defiance - Playable. (Minor display issues due to lower resolution upon start. Fixed easily in game.) Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver - Playable. (Minor display issues due to lower resolution upon start. Fixed easily in game.) Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver 2 - Playable. (Minor display issues due to lower resolution upon start. Fixed easily in game.) Legendary - Playable. (Tested by.) Legends of Norrath - Playable. LEGO MARVEL Super Heroes - Playable. Lords Of The Fallen - Playable. (Tested by Deadeyez.) Magicite - Playable. (Tested by.) Magicka - Playable. Maplestory - Playable. (Tested by.) Mark Of The Ninja - Playable. Marvel Online - Playable. (Tested by.) Mass Effect 1 - Playable. (launcher throws a UAC warning, if you still have UAC turned on) (Tested by.) Mass Effect 2 - Playable. (Tested by.) Mass Effect 3 - Playable. (Tested by.) Max Payne 3 - Playable. Meltdown - Playable. Meridian New World - Playable. (Tested by Deadeyez.) METAL GEAR RISING: REVENGEANCE - Playable. Metal Gear Solid: Ground Zero - Playable. (Tested by.) Metal of Honor: Airborne - Not Playable. Metro 2033 - Playable. Metro 2033: Redux - Playable. Metro Last Light - Playable. Metro Last Light: Redux - Playable. Middle Earth: Shadow of Mordor - Playable. (Tested by.) Might & Magic: Clash of Heroes - Playable. Minecraft - Playable. (Tested by.) Mirror's Edge - Playable. Mortal Kombat Komplete Edition - Playable. Mortal Kombat X - Playable. (Tested by.) Moto Racer Collection - Playable. Narco Terror - Playable. NBA 2K 2015 - Playable. Need For Speed: Carbon - Playable. (Tested by MELERIX.) Need For Speed: Hot Pursuit - Playable. (Tested by.) Need For Speed: Most Wanted (Original DVD Ver.) (2005) - Playable. (Tested by MELERIX.) NiGHTS into Dreams. (Newer Steam Ver. Issues with full screen at 1080.) Nosgoth - Playable. Obi & The Blind Forest - Playable. (Tested by.) OMIKRON THE NOMAD SOUL - Playable. (Tested by.) Operation Flashpoint: Red River - Playable. Orbital Gear - Playable. Orborun - Playable. Orcs Must Die - Playable. Orcs Must Die 2 - Playable. Oregon Trail: Directors Cut - Playable. (Tested by.) ORION: Prelude - Playable. Overlord - Playable. Overlord II - Playable. Painkiller **** & Damnation - Playable. Path of Exile - Playable. (Tested by.) PAYDAY 2 - Playable. (several jobs tested and played out perfectly.) Peggle - Playable. Pillars Of Eternity - Playable. (Tested by.) Planetside 2 - Playable. (Tested by.) Plants Vs Zombies: Garden Warfare - Playable. Platypus II - Playable. Portal - Playable. (Tested by.) Portal 2 - Playable. (Tested by.) Pressure - Playable. Primal Carnage - Playable. Project Cars - Playable. (Tested by.) Quake - Playable. Quake (GL Quake) - Playable. Quake World - Playable. (Didn't test on a server.) Quake World (QL Quake World) - Playable. (Didn't test on a server.) Quake 2 - Playable. (still some full screen issues with certain resolutions, but playable. Original CD ver has install issues. See comments.) Quake 3 Arena - Not Playable. Display issues. Quake 3: Team Arena - Semi-Playable. Menu has some display issues, but played a multiplayer game with no issues. - So I'll put this in the playable with issues pile. Quake 4: Special Edition - Playable. ) Rage - Playable. (Tested by.) Rayman: Legends - Playable. Remember Me - Playable. Resident Evil 4 / Biohazard 4- Playable. (Tested by.) Resident Evil 5 - Playable. Resident Evil 6 / Biohazard 6 - Playable. (Tested by.) Resident Evil Revelations / Biohazard Revelations UE - Playable. Rift - Playable. (Tested by.) Rise Of The Triad (Original) - Playable. (Apogee Throwback Pack via Steam through DosBox.) Rise Of The Triad (Redux. Steam Ver.) - Playable. Risen - Playable. Road Redemption - Playable. (Tested by Deadeyez.) Rocket League - Playable. Rocksmith 2014 - Playable. (Tested by.) Ryse: Son of Rome - Playable. (Tested by Deadeyez.) Saints Row IV - Playable. Needed to verify game integrity first. (Tested by.) Sanctum - Playable. (Tested by.) Sanctum 2 - Playable. (Tested by.) The Secret World - Playable. (Tested by.) Section 8 - Playable. (Tested by.) Serious Sam 3: BFE - Playable. Shadow Warrior: Classic Redux - Playable. Shadow Warrior (2014) - Playable. The Showdown Effect - Playable. Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri - Playable. (Tested by.) Sid Meier's Civilization V - Playable. (Tested by.) Sim City 2000 - Playable. Skiddy the Slippery Puzzle - Not Playable. (Tested by Swandy.) Sleeping Dogs (Original) - Playable. (Tested by.) Sleeping Dogs: The Definitive Edition - Playable. Slender The Arrival - Playable. (Tested by.) Space Engineers - Playable. Space Hulk - Playable. Spec Ops II: The Line - Playable. (Tested by.) Star Trek Online - Playable. (Tested by.) Star Wars Battlefront II - Not Playable. (loads menu, fails to load mission. Tried two times. Single card or crossfire.) Star Wars Commander App (From App Store) - Not Playable. (Tested by.) Star Wars: The Old Republic - Playable. (Tested by.) State of Decay - Playable. (Tested by.) Station Launcher - Playable. (Tested by dozrguy.) Strider - Playable. Stronghold HD - Not Playable. Stronghold 2 - Playable. Stronghold 3 - Playable. Sugar Cube: Bittersweet Factory - Playable. System Shock 2 - Playable. Team Fortress 2 - Playable. (Tested by.) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows - Playable. (Tested by.) Tera - Playable. (Tested by.) Terraria - Playable. (Tested by.) The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing - Not Playable. (Crashes after a period of time. Tested by Deadeyez.) The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing 2 - Playable. (Tested by Deadeyez.) The LEGO Movie - Playable. They Bleed Pixels - Playable. Thief (2014) - Playable. This War of Mine - Playable. (Tested by.) Time Gentlemen, Please! Titan Quest - Playable. (Tested by.) Titan Quest: Immortal Throne - Playable. (Tested by.) Titanfall - Playable. (Also works in latest build as of 6/20/2015.) To End All Wars - Playable. (Tested by.) Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Vegas - Playable. (Tested by.) Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Vegas 2 - Playable. (Tested by.) Tomb Raider (2013) - Playable. Tomb Raider I - Playable. Tomb Raider II - Playable. Tomb Raider II: Adventures of Lara Croft - Playable. Tomb Raider: The Last Revelation - Playable. Tomb Raider: Chronicles - Playable. Tomb Raider (VI): The Angel Of Darkness - Not playable. Possibly a settings thing. Tomb Raider: Anniversary - Playable. Tomb Raider: Legend - Playable. Tomb Raider: Underworld - Playable. Torchlight II - Playable. Toxikk - Playable. Train Simulator 2015 - Playable. (Tested by.) Trine: Enhanced Edition - Playable. Trine 2 - Playable. Tropico 4 - Playable. Ultima VII - Playable. Ultima VIII - Playable. The Ultimate Doom (steam ver) - Playable. (Unity Of Command - Not playable. (Loads into game but gets stuck at loading screen when choosing a game. Plays music, but nothing happens.) Unreal - Playable. (Tested by ) Unreal Tournament III: Black Edition - Playable. Unturned - Playable. (Tested by.) Valiant Hearts: The Great War - Playable. Viscera Cleanup Detail: Shadow Warrior - Playable. Warface - Playable. Warframe - Playable. Warhammer 40,000: Kill Team - Playable. (Tested single player and couch co-op.) Warhammer 40,000: Space Marine - Playable. (Need to verify integrity of game cache first.) Warthunder - Playable. (Tested by.) Wasteland 2 - - Playable. (Tested by Deadeyez.) Watch Dogs - Playable. (Tested by.) Watchmen: The End is Nigh - Playable. Wheelman - Playable. (Tested by.) Wildstar - Playable (Tested by.) Wingcommander III - Playable. Wingcommander IV - Playable. The Witcher (Enhanced Edition) - Playable. The Witcher 2: Assassin's Of Kings (Enhanced Edition) - Playable. The Witcher III - Playable. (Tested by.) Wolfenstein New Order - Playable. (Both single card and crossfire.) Wolfenstein: The Old Blood - Playable. (Tested by Deadeyez.) Woolfe: The Red Hood Diaries - Playable. World In Flames - Playable. (Tested by.) World Of Warcraft - Playable. (Tested by.) X-Com: Enemy Unknown - Playable. Ys VI: The Ark Of Napishtim - Playable (Tested by.) ZMR/Hazard Ops - Not Playable. (Crashes to desktop after about 2 minutes. Tested by Deadeyez.) Zombie Driver HD - Playable. (Tested by Deadeyez.) -------------------------------------------- Console Emulators: - ePSXe 1.9.25: Playable. (Tested by MELERIX.) - MAMEUI 0.158: Playable. (Tested by MELERIX.) - Project64 2.1.0.1: Playable. (Tested by MELERIX.) - Snes9x 1.53: Playable. (Tested by MELERIX.) - VisualBoyAdvance M 1229: Playable. (Tested by MELERIX.) - Dolphin (wii emulator): Playable. - DeSmuME 0.9.10: Playable. (Tested by MELERIX.) - ScummVM 1.7.0: Playable. (Tested by MELERIX.) - Stepmania 3.9b: Playable. (Tested by MELERIX.) - Stepmania 5.0.5: Playable. (Tested by MELERIX.) -------------------------------------------- Other Apps or Misc. (Tested by MELERIX.) - Working. (Tested by.) (Lots of old DOS games are playable through DOSBox.) - Working. (Tested by.) - Working. (Tested by.) - Working. ) - File transfer had some issues. Light blue screen of death a few times. May need different drivers on my rig. (Tested by.) - Working. (Tested. ) (for couch co-op) - Working. (Tested with Borderlands 2.) Steam Big Picture (Steam Link) - Working. (Tested by.). Hitman: Blood Money is a stealth video game developed by IO Interactive and published by Eidos Interactive. It is the fourth installment in the Hitman game series. It was released on May 26, 2006 in Europe, May 30, 2006 in North America, and August 30, 2007 in Japan. Developer: IO Interactive. Publisher: Eidos Interactive, Square Enix (HD Edition). Features Of This Compressed Game: Highly Compressed To 270 MB. Easy To Install and Play With Guide. No Game Crash Issue. Extract and Play Available. Full Version With Pre Activated. 100% Checked and Secure (Tested By ATH Team) Minimum System Requirements: CPU: Pentium 4 or Athlon XP 1.5GHz Processor RAM: 512 MB or More VGA: nVivia GeForce FX or ATi Radeon 9500 class Video Card DX: DirectX 9.0 OS: Windows 2000/XP HDD: 5 GB or More Free Space. How To Install This Game: 1. First Open - 'Hitman 4 Blood Money.exe' Setup File. Now Select Which Location You Want To Save This Game. Default Is Your Program Files 3. Wait Few Minutes (5-10 Min) 4. All Process Will Complete Automatically. After All Done a Window will Popup - Unsupported. Close It and You Can See a Shortcut On Desktop. (Hitman Blood Money) 6. Now Click and Open The Game From Shortcut. Play And Enjoy.:) Note: If this game shows ' not found' error then download and paste it to Hitman 4 installation directory. We are Always Try To Give You All New Working 3G Tricks - For That Our Hacker Team Work Hard. If You Enjoyed Our Page And Hacks Then Do Us A Favor. Share Our Hacks With Facebook, Twitter And Google +. If You Didn't Complete Surveys, Then Contact Us On Facebook Page. Keep Visiting Us For - New Hacks, Tricks, Software, Games And Much More.You Can Request For Any Network Hacks, Any Software Cracks, Any Games Cheats, Any Hacks And Tricks..To Know About Our Hacking Team, Visit. Amazon.com: Pony Up Daddy Saddle - Bandit Black: Toys & Games. Parents told us that they were pleasantly surprised at how secure the saddle was, even with a toddler throwing their weight back and forth. See and discover other items: pj mask, pj masks, ponies to play with, 3 Year Old Girl Gifts, rapunzel birthday. You've come to the right place if you want the ideal mixture of,, and! We've gathered the greatest girl gamers (that's you!) to tell us about the games they want and the top-tier developers to deliver the on the web! We didn't name our site after our perfect collection of or games, although we have those too! When we update every week, we bring more, more, and more because we want to please our amazing fans! So get involved and tell us how our, our, and our make you get up, get out, and dance! Whatever you're looking to play, we've got the right here! We update every week, so come back to fulfill your or plan your! Has and for our gamers with a sense for style. Has delightful for,,, and much more! Whether you're Searching for the latest or on a to your brain with a, will entertain you and your friends for years! May 20, 2011 FLOWCHART Dalam membuat suatu program perlu adanya suatu cara untuk menganalisa suatu kasus yang akan dibuatkan program dengan salah sat. Pedoman-Pedoman dalam Membuat Diagram Alir ( Flowchart) Bila seorang analis dan programmer akan membuat flowchart, ada beberapa petunjuk yang harus diperhatikan, seperti: • Flowchart digambarkan dari halaman atas ke bawah dan dari kiri ke kanan. • Aktivitas yang digambarkan harus didefinisikan secara hati-hati dan definisi ini harus dapat dimengerti oleh pembacanya. • Kapan aktivitas dimulai dan berakhir harus ditentukan secara jelas. • Setiap langkah dari aktivitas harus diuraikan dengan menggunakan deskripsi kata kerja misalkan MENGHITUNG PAJAK PENJUALAN. • Setiap langkah dari aktivitas harus berada pada urutan yang benar. • Lingkup dan range dari aktifitas yang sedang digambarkan harus ditelusuri dengan hati-hati. Percabangan-percabangan yang memotong aktivitas yang sedang digambarkan tidak perlu digambarkan pada flowchart yang sama. Simbol konektor harus digunakan dan percabangannya diletakan pada halaman yang terpisah atau hilangkan seluruhnya bila percabangannya tidak berkaitan dengan sistem. • Gunakan simbol-simbol flowchart yang standar. Jenis-Jenis Diagram Alir (Flowchart) Flowchart terbagi atas lima jenis, yaitu: • Flowchart Sistem ( System Flowchart) • Flowchart Paperwork / Flowchart Dokumen ( Document Flowchart) • Flowchart Skematik ( Schematic Flowchart) • Flowchart Program ( Program Flowchart) • Flowchart Proses ( Process Flowchart) Contoh Penggunaan Diagram Alir ( Flowchart) • CONTOH DIAGRAM ALIR I Buatlah flowchart untuk menentukan penjumlahan 2 (dua) buah bilangan bulat. Zamzom Wireless Network Tool is a good, free software only available for Windows, that is part of the category and has been published by Zamzon. More about Zamzom Wireless Network Tool Since the program has been added to our selection of programs and apps in 2011, it has reached 133,334 downloads, and last week it gained 9 downloads.Zamzom Wireless Network Tool is available for users with the operating system Windows XP and former versions, and you can get it only in English. The current version of the software is 1.0 and its last update was on 5/26/2011. Zamzom Wireless Network Tool is a not that heavy software that does not require as much free space than the average program in the category Networking software. It's a program often downloaded in Romania, Indonesia, and Yemen. 201 rows Zamzom Wireless Network Tool Crack Serial Numbers. DOWNLOAD Zamzom Wireless Network Tool 01.07.09 incl Crack Hotfile = Download not available Rapidshare = Download not available Netload.in = Download not available. Steps to install: 1. Verify that the target system meets the general hardware requirements of the application 2. Download Zamzom Wireless Network Tool Serial Premium with activation code keygen or crack from link above 3. Run the setup program to execute the setup wizard 4. After installing a Zamzom Wireless Network Tool Serial Premium if it prompts you to reboot the computer, do it 5. Don’t forget to support developers and buy licensed version on official site of Zamzom Wireless Network Tool Serial Premium Tags:;;;;;. By Published Version tested PC The Championship Manager/Football Manager saga has been well documented, but for those who've just come in, here's the latest score. Following a decade of dominance, Eidos acrimoniously split with original CM developer Sports Interactive, with the name reverting to the publisher. While SI went from strength to strength with the newly-branded FM, development duties for CM fell to bespoke outfit Beautiful Game Studios. Something of a tall order, it was a bit like The Beatles being replaced by some buskers and told to follow up The White Album. Rarely was a studio less appropriately named, as to the surprise of few and glee of many, Championship Manager 5 was a shambolic bug-ridden mess that sullied the good name of the series. When the game informs you that you've secured a 2-1 draw, for instance, even the most casual of football fans will realise that something is seriously amiss. Nevertheless, those same beautiful people have been tethered to the same typewriters and instructed to try harder. To the studio's credit, this year's model is a considerable improvement on CM5, in so much as it actually works without grinding to a halt. It's still a brutally ugly beast though, admittedly in a genre where looks aren't everything. But if Football Manager is the functional M&S of the bunch, this is in the realms of Lidl, with a cheap and nasty looking interface, whichever of the various skins you choose to use. Blue Gel, anyone? Negotiating your way around it takes some getting used to, but it's moderately functional, and most of the information you need is at your fingertips, albeit spread over a series of miserable screens, many actually copied word-for-word from ancient incarnations of the game. When it comes to actually picking the team, it's a fairly irksome business, making it all the more tempting to reach for the auto-pick button. As for the tactics screen, players can be instructed via a great big arrow to make a run, feed the ball, or - excitingly - both. Championship Manager 2006 is a computer game in Eidos' Championship Manager series. It is essentially a seasonal update for Championship Manager 5. When this happens use the original EXE to play online, else you could find yourself banned from the game! When using Fixed Files make sure to use a Firewall which controls outgoing traffic, as some games call back to report the use of these modified files! Some original games do not work when a certain application has. And while the news messages work in a largely identical format to previous instalments, 2006 sees the addition of some reasonably comprehensive pre-match previews. On the pitch, the aesthetics improve marginally from CM5, with the action played out by what appear to be headless Subbuteo figures. A variety of camera angles are on offer, although the default 'TV view' is probably the best, and at first glance it appears as if a game of football is being simulated. It doesn't really bear close examination though, and over time begins to resemble blind football, with only a bell in the ball required to complete the macabre image. The keepers are probably the most inept, regularly missing crosses or deflecting the ball into the net. In their defence, they have no heads nor arms. Overall, the play rarely gels, and there's little sense of the match ebbing and flowing, instead seeming more like a series of largely unrelated plays and set-pieces. To the game's credit, you can watch as few or as many highlights as you choose, thanks to a comprehensive filtering system that enables you to tailor the action for your viewing pleasure. When you're not watching the action, it's mildly bewildering, with the default screen presenting a swathe of largely useless information. Does anyone really need to know the current best and worst player on each team in terms of Performance, Condition, Outfield Work Rate, and Outfield Touches, particularly as each factor changes approximately every half a second? Elsewhere, you can see the player's individual ratings, but not at the same time as their physical condition, and not while watching the highlights. But even if you do want to pick over the details and attempt to make some tactical changes, the difference they make seems negligible, which either means that you've lost the support of the dressing room, or the game is knackered. Awkward though the match experience is, it can occasionally elicit a glimmer of satisfaction when you win, and the odd grunt of disapproval when you lose. However, it never comes close to the genuine tension created by the classic versions of the game, and compared to the extremes of emotion they could engender, this might as well be a screensaver. It's probably damning it with faint praise to say that one of the best features is the fact that you can play it in a window, thus allowing you to simultaneously get on with something less boring instead, such as Instant Messenger stalking, online poker, or even some work (particularly if your work is reviewing the game). The point is that the game will chug away in the background with minimal input, and there appears to have been a conscious attempt to cut down on the admin required. For instance, first team players who are lacking match practice will automatically be played in the reserves. And while that may be one of the most boring sentences ever committed to space, it does hint at the streamlining that has been attempted. That said, you'd be a bit pissed off if one of them picked up an injury. It's by no means a terrible game. The stats are reasonably in order, and the transfers are mainly realistic. Even with the optional club benefactor - the equivalent of Football Manager Handheld's Sugar Daddy - you'll still struggle to bring Dennis Bergkamp to Chester City. Ultimately though, you only really need one football management game in your life. Or none, ideally. But if you insist, you have to decide between a game that sucks up the hours and leaves you a hollow-eyed ghoul, or one that you'll play for a couple of days, shrug, and toss on to the pile. Can you guess which one this is? By way of tenuous analogy, if Football Manager is hardcore porn, then this is softcore. As a famous letter to Viz wisely observed: 'What's the point? People who don't like porn don't like it. And people who do like porn don't like it.' 5 / 10 Championship Manager 2006 Steve Hill Just wide. 2006-04-12T11:30:00+01:00 5 10. Think you can do better? It's your decisions that count: your budget, your buys, your formation, your tactics. Your chance to prove it! Use your skills and knowledge to manage your club the way you feel it should be — now it's your turn. All football fans around the world, believe they know more about football than anybody else. More than the guy sat next to them at the match, more than the people commentating on the game, more than the manager of their local team. Championship Manager is the closest you'll ever come to the highs and lows of real football management. Updated Player and Competition data: Player data completely updated. The only game on PC to contain signings from the January transfer window! Revolutionary Gameplan Engine: New Gameplan technology gives you the choice of camera angles and 3D TV aspects, providing the most exciting match day coverage available. Simulated World: All non-selected leagues still play out through the game engine enabling you to keep track of potential new signings and top points scorers from around the World. Transfer system: Much greater realism. Clubs now haggle during negotiations, other clubs try to out-bid you and rivals don't make it easy for you to get their star players! Player enquiries allow you to gauge a players interest before entering negotiations. Greater Player/Board interaction: Communicate with your squad and try to appease disgruntled players. The board now take your league position into consideration when approached with your requests or ultimatums. Club benefactor: The height of fashion in today's football world; a mega-rich chairman. Be warned though; the pressure will be immense. • Socket T () • (µPGA 478) • (µPGA 478) • (µBGA 479) • (µBGA 965) Predecessor,, Successor Core 2 is a brand encompassing a range of 's consumer single-, dual-, and quad-core based on the. The single- and dual-core models are single-, whereas the quad-core models comprise two dies, each containing two cores, packaged in a. The introduction of Core 2 relegated the brand to the, and reunified laptop and desktop CPU lines for marketing purposes under the same product name, which previously had been divided into the,, and brands. The Core 2 brand was introduced on 27 July 2006, comprising the Solo (single-core), Duo (), Quad (), and in 2007, the Extreme (dual- or quad-core CPUs for enthusiasts) subbrands. Intel Core 2 processors with technology (designed for businesses) include the dual-core and quad-core branches. For a detailed discussion of CPU cores, see. The Core 2-branded CPUs include: 'Conroe'/'Allendale' (dual-core for desktops), 'Merom' (dual-core for laptops), 'Merom-L' (single-core for laptops), 'Kentsfield' (quad-core for desktops), and the updated variants named 'Wolfdale' (dual-core for desktops), 'Penryn' (dual-core for laptops), and 'Yorkfield' (quad-core for desktops). (Note: For the server and workstation 'Woodcrest', 'Tigerton', 'Harpertown' and 'Dunnington' CPUs see the brand. ) The Core 2 branded processors feature (with some exceptions),, and. Their introduced,, Enhanced, and (iAMT2). With a maximum (TDP) of 65, the Core 2 Duo dissipates half the power of the less capable contemporary -branded desktop chips that have a max TDP of 130W. Archived from on 11 September 2007. Retrieved 5 September 2007. Archived from on 3 April 2007. Retrieved 14 August 2007. Install Xp On Hp Compaq T5000 Review. Wyse Thin client not. HP Thin Clients provides client virtualization & cloud computing with enterprise level data security, simple management & lower costs. This page contains. You need to know exactly detail technical your Epson device specs and latest Epson device drivers. Archived from on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 6 August 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2008. Archived from on 1 July 2006. Retrieved 26 June 2006. Tom's Hardware. Retrieved 15 June 2007. Tom's Hardware. Retrieved 15 June 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011. External links [ ] 1st public demonstration: • • • • at the (archived 14 July 2006). – The Intel Core microarchitecture is a multi-core processor microarchitecture unveiled by Intel in Q12006. It is based on the Yonah processor design and can be considered an iteration of the P6 microarchitecture, while architecturally identical, the three processor lines differ in the socket used, bus speed, and power consumption. Intels CPUs have varied widely in power according to clock rate, architecture. Like the last NetBurst CPUs, Core based processors feature multiple cores and hardware support, as well as Intel 64. However, Core-based processors do not have the Hyper-Threading Technology found in Pentium 4 processors and this is because the Core microarchitecture is a descendant of the P6 microarchitecture used by Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, and Pentium M. The L1 cache size was enlarged in the Core microarchitecture, from 32 KB on Pentium II/III to 64 KB L1 cache/core on Pentium M and Core/Core 2. It also lacks an L3 Cache found in the Gallatin core of the Pentium 4 Extreme Edition, both an L3 cache and Hyper-threading were reintroduced in the Nehalem microarchitecture. While the Core microarchitecture is a major architectural revision it is based in part on the Pentium M processor family designed by Intel Israel, the Penryn pipeline is 12–14 stages long — less than half of Prescotts, a signature feature of wide order execution cores. Penryns successor, Nehalem borrowed more heavily from the Pentium 4 and has 20-24 pipeline stages, cores execution unit is 4 issues wide, compared to the 3-issue cores of P6, Pentium M, and 2-issue cores of NetBurst microarchitectures. The new architecture is a core design with linked L1 cache and shared L2 cache engineered for maximum performance per watt. One new technology included in the design is Macro-Ops Fusion, which combines two x86 instructions into a single micro-operation, for example, a common code sequence like a compare followed by a conditional jump would become a single micro-op. Unfortunately, this technology does not work in 64-bit mode, other new technologies include 1 cycle throughput of all 128-bit SSE instructions and a new power saving design. All components will run at speed, ramping up speed dynamically as needed. This allows the chip to less heat, and consume as little power as possible. For most Woodcrest CPUs, the front side bus runs at 1333 MT/s, however, in comparison, an AMD Opteron 875HE processor consumes 55 watts, while the energy efficient Socket AM2 line fits in the 35 watt thermal envelope. Merom, the variant, is listed at 35 watts TDP for standard versions and 5 watts TDP for Ultra Low Voltage versions. Previously, Intel announced that it would now focus on power efficiency, however, at IDF in the spring of 2006, Intel advertised both. Wolfdale-DP and all quad-core processors except Dunnington QC are multi-chip modules combining two dies, for the 65 nm processors, the same product code can be shared by processors with different dies, but the specific information about which one is used can be derived from the stepping 2. – The computer industry has used the term central processing unit at least since the early 1960s. The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed over the course of their history, most modern CPUs are microprocessors, meaning they are contained on a single integrated circuit chip. An IC that contains a CPU may also contain memory, peripheral interfaces, some computers employ a multi-core processor, which is a single chip containing two or more CPUs called cores, in that context, one can speak of such single chips as sockets. Array processors or vector processors have multiple processors that operate in parallel, there also exists the concept of virtual CPUs which are an abstraction of dynamical aggregated computational resources. Early computers such as the ENIAC had to be rewired to perform different tasks. Since the term CPU is generally defined as a device for software execution, the idea of a stored-program computer was already present in the design of J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchlys ENIAC, but was initially omitted so that it could be finished sooner. On June 30,1945, before ENIAC was made, mathematician John von Neumann distributed the paper entitled First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC and it was the outline of a stored-program computer that would eventually be completed in August 1949. EDVAC was designed to perform a number of instructions of various types. Significantly, the programs written for EDVAC were to be stored in high-speed computer memory rather than specified by the wiring of the computer. This overcame a severe limitation of ENIAC, which was the considerable time, with von Neumanns design, the program that EDVAC ran could be changed simply by changing the contents of the memory. Early CPUs were custom designs used as part of a larger, however, this method of designing custom CPUs for a particular application has largely given way to the development of multi-purpose processors produced in large quantities. This standardization began in the era of discrete transistor mainframes and minicomputers and has accelerated with the popularization of the integrated circuit. The IC has allowed increasingly complex CPUs to be designed and manufactured to tolerances on the order of nanometers, both the miniaturization and standardization of CPUs have increased the presence of digital devices in modern life far beyond the limited application of dedicated computing machines. Modern microprocessors appear in electronic devices ranging from automobiles to cellphones, the so-called Harvard architecture of the Harvard Mark I, which was completed before EDVAC, also utilized a stored-program design using punched paper tape rather than electronic memory. Relays and vacuum tubes were used as switching elements, a useful computer requires thousands or tens of thousands of switching devices. The overall speed of a system is dependent on the speed of the switches, tube computers like EDVAC tended to average eight hours between failures, whereas relay computers like the Harvard Mark I failed very rarely. In the end, tube-based CPUs became dominant because the significant speed advantages afforded generally outweighed the reliability problems, most of these early synchronous CPUs ran at low clock rates compared to modern microelectronic designs. Clock signal frequencies ranging from 100 kHz to 4 MHz were very common at this time, the design complexity of CPUs increased as various technologies facilitated building smaller and more reliable electronic devices 3. – A front-side bus was a computer communication interface often used in Intel-chip-based computers during the 1990s and 2000s. The competing EV6 bus served the function for AMD CPUs. Both typically carry data between the processing unit and a memory controller hub, known as the northbridge. Depending on the implementation, some computers may also have a bus that connects the CPU to the cache. This bus and the connected to it are faster than accessing the system memory via the front-side bus. The speed of the front side bus is used as an important measure of the performance of a computer. The original front-side bus architecture has replaced by HyperTransport, Intel QuickPath Interconnect or Direct Media Interface in modern volume CPUs. The term came into use by Intel Corporation about the time the Pentium Pro and Pentium II products were announced, in the 1990s. Front side refers to the interface from the processor to the rest of the computer system, as opposed to the back side. An FSB is mostly used on PC-related motherboards, seldom with the data and address used in embedded systems. This design represented an improvement over the single system bus designs of the previous decades. Front-side buses usually connect the CPU and the rest of the hardware via a chipset, which Intel implemented as a northbridge and a southbridge. Other buses like the Peripheral Component Interconnect, Accelerated Graphics Port and these secondary system buses usually run at speeds derived from the front-side bus clock, but are not necessarily synchronized to it. In response to AMDs Torrenza initiative, Intel opened its FSB CPU socket to third party devices. Prior to this announcement, made in Spring 2007 at Intel Developer Forum in Beijing, Intel had very closely guarded who had access to the FSB, the first example was Field-programmable gate array co-processors, a result of collaboration between Intel-Xilinx-Nallatech and Intel-Altera-XtremeData. The frequency at which a processor operates is determined by applying a clock multiplier to the bus speed in some cases. For example, a running at 3200 MHz might be using a 400 MHz FSB. This means there is a clock multiplier setting of 8 4. – An ISA includes a specification of the set of opcodes, and the native commands implemented by a particular processor. An instruction set architecture is distinguished from a microarchitecture, which is the set of design techniques used, in a particular processor. Processors with different microarchitectures can share a common instruction set, for example, the Intel Pentium and the AMD Athlon implement nearly identical versions of the x86 instruction set, but have radically different internal designs. The concept of an architecture, distinct from the design of a machine, was developed by Fred Brooks at IBM during the design phase of System/360. Prior to NPL, the companys computer designers had been free to honor cost objectives not only by selecting technologies, the SPREAD compatibility objective, in contrast, postulated a single architecture for a series of five processors spanning a wide range of cost and performance. In addition, these virtual machines execute less frequently used code paths by interpretation, transmeta implemented the x86 instruction set atop VLIW processors in this fashion. A complex instruction set computer has many specialized instructions, some of which may only be used in practical programs. Theoretically important types are the instruction set computer and the one instruction set computer. Another variation is the very long instruction word where the processor receives many instructions encoded and retrieved in one instruction word, machine language is built up from discrete statements or instructions. Examples of operations common to many instruction sets include, Set a register to a constant value. Copy data from a location to a register, or vice versa. Used to store the contents of a register, result of a computation, often called load and store operations. Read and write data from hardware devices, add, subtract, multiply, or divide the values of two registers, placing the result in a register, possibly setting one or more condition codes in a status register. Increment, decrement in some ISAs, saving operand fetch in trivial cases, perform bitwise operations, e. Taking the conjunction and disjunction of corresponding bits in a pair of registers, taking the negation of each bit in a register. Floating-point instructions for arithmetic on floating-point numbers, branch to another location in the program and execute instructions there. Conditionally branch to another if a certain condition holds. Call another block of code, while saving the location of the instruction as a point to return to. Load/store data to and from a coprocessor, or exchanging with CPU registers, processors may include complex instructions in their instruction set 5. – X86 is a family of backward-compatible instruction set architectures based on the Intel 8086 CPU and its Intel 8088 variant. The term x86 came into being because the names of several successors to Intels 8086 processor end in 86, many additions and extensions have been added to the x86 instruction set over the years, almost consistently with full backward compatibility. The architecture has been implemented in processors from Intel, Cyrix, AMD, VIA and many companies, there are also open implementations. In the 1980s and early 1990s, when the 8088 and 80286 were still in common use, today, however, x86 usually implies a binary compatibility also with the 32-bit instruction set of the 80386. An 8086 system, including such as 8087 and 8089. There were also terms iRMX, iSBC, and iSBX – all together under the heading Microsystem 80, however, this naming scheme was quite temporary, lasting for a few years during the early 1980s. Today, x86 is ubiquitous in both stationary and portable computers, and is also used in midrange computers, workstations, servers. A large amount of software, including operating systems such as DOS, Windows, Linux, BSD, Solaris and macOS, functions with x86-based hardware. There have been attempts, including by Intel itself, to end the market dominance of the inelegant x86 architecture designed directly from the first simple 8-bit microprocessors. Examples of this are the iAPX432, the Intel 960, Intel 860, however, the continuous refinement of x86 microarchitectures, circuitry and semiconductor manufacturing would make it hard to replace x86 in many segments. The table below lists processor models and model series implementing variations of the x86 instruction set, each line item is characterized by significantly improved or commercially successful processor microarchitecture designs. Such x86 implementations are seldom simple copies but often employ different internal microarchitectures as well as different solutions at the electronic, quite naturally, early compatible microprocessors were 16-bit, while 32-bit designs were developed much later. For the personal computer market, real quantities started to appear around 1990 with i386 and i486 compatible processors, other companies, which designed or manufactured x86 or x87 processors, include ITT Corporation, National Semiconductor, ULSI System Technology, and Weitek. Some early versions of these microprocessors had heat dissipation problems, AMD later managed to establish itself as a serious contender with the K6 set of processors, which gave way to the very successful Athlon and Opteron. There were also other contenders, such as Centaur Technology, Rise Technology, VIA Technologies energy efficient C3 and C7 processors, which were designed by the Centaur company, have been sold for many years. Centaurs newest design, the VIA Nano, is their first processor with superscalar and it was, perhaps interestingly, introduced at about the same time as Intels first in-order processor since the P5 Pentium, the Intel Atom. The instruction set architecture has twice been extended to a word size. In 1999-2003, AMD extended this 32-bit architecture to 64 bits and referred to it as x86-64 in early documents, Intel soon adopted AMDs architectural extensions under the name IA-32e, later using the name EM64T and finally using Intel 64 6. – X86-64 is the 64-bit version of the x86 instruction set. It supports vastly larger amounts of memory and physical memory than is possible on its 32-bit predecessors. X86-64 also provides 64-bit general-purpose registers and numerous other enhancements and it is fully backward compatible with 16-bit and 32-bit x86 code. The original specification, created by AMD and released in 2000, has been implemented by AMD, Intel, the AMD K8 processor was the first to implement the architecture, this was the first significant addition to the x86 architecture designed by a company other than Intel. Intel was forced to suit and introduced a modified NetBurst family which was fully software-compatible with AMDs design. VIA Technologies introduced x86-64 in their VIA Isaiah architecture, with the VIA Nano, the x86-64 specification is distinct from the Intel Itanium architecture, which is not compatible on the native instruction set level with the x86 architecture. AMD64 was created as an alternative to the radically different IA-64 architecture, the first AMD64-based processor, the Opteron, was released in April 2003. AMDs processors implementing the AMD64 architecture include Opteron, Athlon 64, Athlon 64 X2, Athlon 64 FX, Athlon II, Turion 64, Turion 64 X2, Sempron, Phenom, Phenom II, FX, Fusion and Ryzen. The primary defining characteristic of AMD64 is the availability of 64-bit general-purpose processor registers, 64-bit integer arithmetic and logical operations, the designers took the opportunity to make other improvements as well. Some of the most significant changes are described below, pushes and pops on the stack default to 8-byte strides, and pointers are 8 bytes wide. Additional registers In addition to increasing the size of the general-purpose registers, AMD64 still has fewer registers than many common RISC instruction sets or VLIW-like machines such as the IA-64. However, an AMD64 implementation may have far more internal registers than the number of architectural registers exposed by the instruction set, additional XMM registers Similarly, the number of 128-bit XMM registers is also increased from 8 to 16. Larger virtual address space The AMD64 architecture defines a 64-bit virtual address format and this allows up to 256 TB of virtual address space. The architecture definition allows this limit to be raised in future implementations to the full 64 bits and this is compared to just 4 GB for the x86. This means that very large files can be operated on by mapping the entire file into the address space, rather than having to map regions of the file into. Larger physical address space The original implementation of the AMD64 architecture implemented 40-bit physical addresses, current implementations of the AMD64 architecture extend this to 48-bit physical addresses and therefore can address up to 256 TB of RAM. The architecture permits extending this to 52 bits in the future, for comparison, 32-bit x86 processors are limited to 64 GB of RAM in Physical Address Extension mode, or 4 GB of RAM without PAE mode. Any implementation therefore allows the physical address limit as under long mode 7. – A given ISA may be implemented with different microarchitectures, implementations may vary due to different goals of a given design or due to shifts in technology. Computer architecture is the combination of microarchitecture and instruction set, the ISA is roughly the same as the programming model of a processor as seen by an assembly language programmer or compiler writer. The ISA includes the execution model, processor registers, address, the microarchitecture includes the constituent parts of the processor and how these interconnect and interoperate to implement the ISA. These diagrams generally separate the datapath and the control path, the person designing a system usually draws the specific microarchitecture as a kind of data flow diagram. Like a block diagram, the diagram shows microarchitectural elements such as the arithmetic and logic unit. Typically, the diagram connects those elements with arrows, thick lines, very simple computers have a single data bus organization – they have a single three-state bus. The diagram of more complex computers usually shows multiple three-state buses, each microarchitectural element is in turn represented by a schematic describing the interconnections of logic gates used to implement it. Each logic gate is in turn represented by a circuit diagram describing the connections of the used to implement it in some particular logic family. Machines with different microarchitectures may have the instruction set architecture. In principle, a single microarchitecture could execute several different ISAs with only changes to the microcode. The pipelined datapath is the most commonly used design in microarchitecture today. This technique is used in most modern microprocessors, microcontrollers, the pipelined architecture allows multiple instructions to overlap in execution, much like an assembly line. The pipeline includes several different stages which are fundamental in microarchitecture designs, some of these stages include instruction fetch, instruction decode, execute, and write back. Some architectures include other stages such as memory access, the design of pipelines is one of the central microarchitectural tasks. Execution units are essential to microarchitecture. Execution units include arithmetic logic units, floating point units, load/store units, branch prediction and these units perform the operations or calculations of the processor. The choice of the number of units, their latency. The size, latency, throughput and connectivity of memories within the system are also microarchitectural decisions, system-level design decisions such as whether or not to include peripherals, such as memory controllers, can be considered part of the microarchitectural design process 8. – The Intel Core microarchitecture is a multi-core processor microarchitecture unveiled by Intel in Q12006. It is based on the Yonah processor design and can be considered an iteration of the P6 microarchitecture, while architecturally identical, the three processor lines differ in the socket used, bus speed, and power consumption. Intels CPUs have varied widely in power according to clock rate, architecture. Like the last NetBurst CPUs, Core based processors feature multiple cores and hardware support, as well as Intel 64. However, Core-based processors do not have the Hyper-Threading Technology found in Pentium 4 processors and this is because the Core microarchitecture is a descendant of the P6 microarchitecture used by Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, and Pentium M. The L1 cache size was enlarged in the Core microarchitecture, from 32 KB on Pentium II/III to 64 KB L1 cache/core on Pentium M and Core/Core 2. It also lacks an L3 Cache found in the Gallatin core of the Pentium 4 Extreme Edition, both an L3 cache and Hyper-threading were reintroduced in the Nehalem microarchitecture. While the Core microarchitecture is a major architectural revision it is based in part on the Pentium M processor family designed by Intel Israel, the Penryn pipeline is 12–14 stages long — less than half of Prescotts, a signature feature of wide order execution cores. Penryns successor, Nehalem borrowed more heavily from the Pentium 4 and has 20-24 pipeline stages, cores execution unit is 4 issues wide, compared to the 3-issue cores of P6, Pentium M, and 2-issue cores of NetBurst microarchitectures. The new architecture is a core design with linked L1 cache and shared L2 cache engineered for maximum performance per watt. One new technology included in the design is Macro-Ops Fusion, which combines two x86 instructions into a single micro-operation, for example, a common code sequence like a compare followed by a conditional jump would become a single micro-op. Unfortunately, this technology does not work in 64-bit mode, other new technologies include 1 cycle throughput of all 128-bit SSE instructions and a new power saving design. All components will run at speed, ramping up speed dynamically as needed. This allows the chip to less heat, and consume as little power as possible. For most Woodcrest CPUs, the front side bus runs at 1333 MT/s, however, in comparison, an AMD Opteron 875HE processor consumes 55 watts, while the energy efficient Socket AM2 line fits in the 35 watt thermal envelope. Merom, the variant, is listed at 35 watts TDP for standard versions and 5 watts TDP for Ultra Low Voltage versions. Previously, Intel announced that it would now focus on power efficiency, however, at IDF in the spring of 2006, Intel advertised both. Wolfdale-DP and all quad-core processors except Dunnington QC are multi-chip modules combining two dies, for the 65 nm processors, the same product code can be shared by processors with different dies, but the specific information about which one is used can be derived from the stepping 9. – A multi-core processor is a single computing component with two or more independent actual processing units, which are units that read and execute program instructions. The instructions are ordinary CPU instructions, but the multiple cores can run multiple instructions at the same time, manufacturers typically integrate the cores onto a single integrated circuit die, or onto multiple dies in a single chip package. A multi-core processor implements multiprocessing in a physical package. Designers may couple cores in a multi-core device tightly or loosely, for example, cores may or may not share caches, and they may implement message passing or shared-memory inter-core communication methods. Common network topologies to interconnect cores include bus, ring, two-dimensional mesh, homogeneous multi-core systems include only identical cores, heterogeneous multi-core systems have cores that are not identical. Just as with single-processor systems, cores in multi-core systems may implement architectures such as VLIW, superscalar, Multi-core processors are widely used across many application domains, including general-purpose, embedded, network, digital signal processing, and graphics. The improvement in performance gained by the use of a multi-core processor depends very much on the algorithms used. In particular, possible gains are limited by the fraction of the software that can run in parallel simultaneously on multiple cores, most applications, however, are not accelerated so much unless programmers invest a prohibitive amount of effort in re-factoring the whole problem. The parallelization of software is a significant ongoing topic of research, the terms multi-core and dual-core most commonly refer to some sort of central processing unit, but are sometimes also applied to digital signal processors and system on a chip. This article uses the terms multi-core and dual-core for CPUs manufactured on the integrated circuit. In contrast to systems, the term multi-CPU refers to multiple physically separate processing-units. The terms many-core and massively multi-core are sometimes used to describe multi-core architectures with a high number of cores. Some systems use many soft microprocessor cores placed on a single FPGA, each core can be considered a semiconductor intellectual property core as well as a CPU core. While manufacturing technology improves, reducing the size of individual gates and these physical limitations can cause significant heat dissipation and data synchronization problems. Various other methods are used to improve CPU performance, some instruction-level parallelism methods such as superscalar pipelining are suitable for many applications, but are inefficient for others that contain difficult-to-predict code. Many applications are better suited to thread-level parallelism methods, and multiple independent CPUs are commonly used to increase a systems overall TLP, a combination of increased available space and the demand for increased TLP led to the development of multi-core CPUs. Several business motives drive the development of multi-core architectures, for decades, it was possible to improve performance of a CPU by shrinking the area of the integrated circuit, which reduced the cost per device on the IC. Alternatively, for the circuit area, more transistors could be used in the design 10. – LGA775, also known as Socket T, is an Intel desktop CPU socket. LGA stands for land grid array, the socket was superseded by the LGA1156 and LGA1366 sockets. The Prescott and Cedar Mill Pentium 4 cores, as well as the Smithfield and Presler Pentium D cores, in July 2006, Intel released the desktop processor Core 2 Duo, which also uses this socket, as does the subsequent Core 2 Quad. Intel changed from Socket 478 to LGA775 because the new pin type offers better power distribution to the processor, the T in Socket T was derived from the now cancelled Tejas core, which was to replace the Prescott core. The CPU is pressed into place by a plate, rather than human fingers directly. The installer lifts the hinged load plate, inserts the processor, closes the load plate over the top of the processor, and pushes down a locking lever. The pressure of the lever on the load plate clamps the processors 775 copper contact points firmly down onto the sockets 775 pins. The load plate only covers the edges of the top surface of the CPU, the center is free to make contact with the cooling device placed on top of the CPU. Considering that LGA775 predated LGA771 by nearly a year, in fact, using an adapter does allow LGA771 processors to be used with LGA775 motherboards. This socket also introduces a new method of connecting the heat dissipation interface to the chip surface and this was done to avoid the reputed danger of the heat sinks/fans of pre-built computers falling off in transit. However, modern Core 2 processors run at lower temperatures than the Prescott CPUs they replace. All LGA775 processors have the following mechanical maximum load limits which should not be exceeded during heat sink assembly, shipping conditions, load above those limits will crack the processor die and make it unusable. They are large enough to ensure that processors will not crack, compatibility is quite variable, as earlier chip sets tend to support only single core P4 architecture CPU at 533/800 MT/s. Intermediate chip sets commonly supported P4 dual core, for other chip sets, it also varies, as it is a complex issue of chip set capability, voltage regulator limitations and BIOS support 11. – Socket M is a CPU interface introduced by Intel in 2006 for the Intel Core line of mobile processors. Socket M is used in all Intel Core products, as well as the Core-derived Dual-Core Xeon codenamed Sossaman. It was also used in the first generation of the version of Intels Core 2 Duo, specifically. The Sossaman Xeons use the E7520 chipset, Socket M is pin-compatible with desktop socket mPGA478A but it is not electrically compatible. Socket M is not pin-compatible with the older desktop Socket 478 or the newer mobile Socket P by location of one pin, pentium III-M processors designed for the first version of Socket 479 will physically fit into a Socket M, but are electrically incompatible with it. Although conflicting information has been published, no 45 nm Penryn processors have been released for Socket M. List of Intel microprocessors 12. – The Intel Socket P is the mobile processor socket replacement for Core microarchitecture chips such as Core 2 Duo. It launched on May 9,2007, as part of the Santa Rosa platform with the Merom, the front-side bus of CPUs that install in Socket P can run at 400,533,667,800, or 1066 MT/s. By adapting the multiplier the frequency of the CPU can throttle up or down to power, given that all Socket P CPUs support EIST. Socket P has 478 pins, but is not electrically pin-compatible with Socket M or Socket 478, Socket P is also known as a 478-pin Micro FCPGA or μFCPGA-478. On the plastic grid is printed mPGA478MN, list of Intel microprocessors Micro-FCBGA http, //dailytech. Newsid=2835 http, //dailytech. Newsid=3180 http, //www. I=2808&p=4 13. – A ball grid array is a type of surface-mount packaging used for integrated circuits. BGA packages are used to permanently mount devices such as microprocessors, a BGA can provide more interconnection pins than can be put on a dual in-line or flat package. The whole bottom surface of the device can be used, instead of just the perimeter, the leads are also on average shorter than with a perimeter-only type, leading to better performance at high speeds. Soldering of BGA devices requires precise control and is usually done by automated processes, BGA devices are not suitable for socket mounting. In a BGA the pins are replaced by pads on the bottom of the package and these solder spheres can be placed manually or by automated equipment, and are held in place with a tacky flux. The device is placed on a PCB with copper pads in a pattern that matches the solder balls, the assembly is then heated, either in a reflow oven or by an infrared heater, melting the balls. In more advanced technologies, solder balls may be used on both the PCB and the package, also, in stacked multi-chip modules, solder balls are used to connect two packages. The BGA is a solution to the problem of producing a miniature package for a circuit with many hundreds of pins. As package pins got closer together, the danger of accidentally bridging adjacent pins with solder grew, BGAs do not have this problem if the solder is factory-applied to the package. A further advantage of BGA packages over packages with discrete leads is the thermal resistance between the package and the PCB. This allows heat generated by the circuit inside the package to flow more easily to the PCB. The shorter an electrical conductor, the lower its unwanted inductance, BGAs, with their very short distance between the package and the PCB, have low lead inductances, giving them superior electrical performance to pinned devices. A disadvantage of BGAs is that the balls cannot flex in the way that longer leads can. As with all surface mount devices, bending due to a difference in coefficient of expansion between PCB substrate and BGA or flexing and vibration can cause the solder joints to fracture. Thermal expansion issues can be overcome by matching the mechanical and thermal characteristics of the PCB to those of the package, typically, plastic BGA devices more closely match PCB thermal characteristics than ceramic devices. There are several types of materials in use with differing properties relative to workability. An additional advantage of underfill is that it limits tin whisker growth, another solution to non-compliant connections is to put a compliant layer in the package that allows the balls to physically move in relation to the package. This technique has become standard for packaging DRAMs in BGA packages, other techniques for increasing the board-level reliability of packages include use of low-expansion PCBs for ceramic BGA packages, interposers between the package and PCB, and re-packaging a device 14. – Each CPU comprised two dies, each containing a single core, residing next to each other on a multi-chip module package. The brands first processor, codenamed Smithfield, was released by Intel on May 25,2005, nine months later, Intel introduced its successor, codenamed Presler, but without offering significant upgrades in design, still resulting in relatively high power consumption. By 2004, the NetBurst processors reached a clock speed barrier at 3.8 GHz due to a thermal limit exemplified by the Preslers 130 watt thermal design power, the future belonged to more energy efficient and slower clocked dual-core CPUs on a single die instead of two. The final shipment date of the dual die Presler chips was August 8,2008, the dual-core CPU is capable of running multi-threaded applications typical in transcoding of audio and video, compressing, photo and video editing and rendering, and ray-tracing. Single-threaded applications, including most older games, do not benefit much from a second core compared to an equally clocked single-core CPU. Nevertheless, the dual-core CPU is useful to run both the client and server processes of a game without noticeable lag in either thread, as each instance could be running on a different core, furthermore, multi-threaded games benefit from dual-core CPUs. In 2008, many applications were not optimized for multiple cores. They ran at speed when not multitasking on the Pentium D or older Pentium 4 branded CPUs at the same clock speed. As a response, Intel developed Smithfield, the first x86 dual-core microprocessor intended for desktop computers, Intel first launched Smithfield on April 16,2005 in the form of the 3.2 GHz Hyper-threading enabled Pentium Extreme Edition 840. On May 26,2005, Intel launched the mainstream Pentium D branded processor lineup with initial clock speeds of 2.8,3.0, and 3.2 GHz with model numbers of 820,830, and 840 respectively. In March 2006, Intel launched the last Smithfield processor, the entry-level Pentium D805, the relatively cheap 805 was found to be highly overclockable,3.5 GHz was often possible with good air cooling. The 805 and 820 models had a 95 watt TDP, all other models were rated at 130 watt. All Smithfield processors were made of two 90 nm Prescott cores, next to other on a single die with 1 MB of Level 2 cache per core. Hyper-threading was disabled in all Pentium D 8xx-series Smithfields with the exception of the Pentium Extreme Edition 840, Smithfield did not support Intel VT-x—Intels x86 virtualization. All Pentium D processors supported Intel 64, XD Bit, and were manufactured for the LGA775 form factor, the Pentium D820 did not work with the nForce 4 SLI Intel Edition chipset due to some power design issues, though they were rectified in the X16 version. The 915- and 925-series chipsets did not work at all with the Smithfields, the 865- and 875-series chipsets supported multiprocessing. Motherboards with them might be Pentium D compatible with an updated BIOS, the last generation of Pentium D branded processors was Presler identified by the product code 80553, and made of two 65 nm-process cores found also in Pentium 4 branded Cedar Mill CPUs. Presler introduced the multi-chip module, or MCM, which consisted of two single-core dies placed next to other on the same substrate package 15. – Pentium 4 was a line of single-core central processing units for desktops, laptops and entry-level servers introduced by Intel on November 20,2000 and shipped through August 8,2008. They had a seventh-generation x86 microarchitecture, called NetBurst, which was the companys first all-new design since the introduction of the P6 microarchitecture of the Pentium Pro CPUs in 1995, NetBurst differed from P6 by featuring a very deep instruction pipeline to achieve very high clock speeds. Intel claimed that NetBurst would allow speeds of up to 10 GHz in future chips, however. In 2004, the initial 32-bit x86 instruction set of the Pentium 4 microprocessors was extended by the 64-bit x86-64 set, the first Pentium 4 cores, codenamed Willamette, were clocked from 1.3 GHz to 2 GHz. They were released on November 20,2000, using the Socket 423 system, notable with the introduction of the Pentium 4 was the 400 MT/s FSB. It actually operated at 100 MHz, but the FSB was quad-pumped, meaning that the transfer rate was four times the base clock of the bus. The AMD Athlons double-pumped FSB was running at 100 or 133 MHz at that time, Pentium 4 CPUs introduced the SSE2 and, in the Prescott-based Pentium 4s, SSE3 instruction sets to accelerate calculations, transactions, media processing, 3D graphics, and games. Later versions featured Hyper-Threading Technology, a feature to one physical CPU work as two logical CPUs. Intel also marketed a version of their low-end Celeron processors based on the NetBurst microarchitecture, in 2005, the Pentium 4 was complemented by the Pentium D and Pentium Extreme Edition dual-core CPUs. In benchmark evaluations, the advantages of the NetBurst microarchitecture were unclear, with carefully optimized application code, the first Pentium 4s outperformed Intels fastest Pentium III, as expected. But in legacy applications with many branching or x87 floating-point instructions and its main handicap was a shared unidirectional bus. Furthermore, the NetBurst microarchitecture consumed more power and emitted more heat than any previous Intel or AMD microarchitectures, as a result, the Pentium 4s introduction was met with mixed reviews, Developers disliked the Pentium 4, as it posed a new set of code optimization rules. For example, in applications, AMDs lower-clocked Athlon easily outperformed the Pentium 4. Tom Yager of Infoworld magazine called it the fastest CPU - for programs that fit entirely in cache, computer-savvy buyers avoided Pentium 4 PCs due to their price premium, questionable benefit, and initial restriction to Rambus RAM. In terms of marketing, the Pentium 4s singular emphasis on clock frequency made it a marketers dream. The result of this was that the NetBurst microarchitecture was often referred to as a marchitecture by various computing websites and it was also called NetBust, a term popular with reviewers who reflected negatively upon the processors performance. The two classical metrics of CPU performance are IPC and clock speed, while IPC is difficult to quantify due to dependence on the benchmark applications instruction mix, clock speed is a simple measurement yielding a single absolute number. Unsophisticated buyers would simply consider the processor with the highest clock speed to be the best product, because AMDs processors had slower clock speeds, it countered Intels marketing advantage with the megahertz myth campaign 16. – Intel Corporation is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California that was founded by Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce. It is the worlds largest and highest valued semiconductor chip makers based on revenue, and is the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors, Intel supplies processors for computer system manufacturers such as Apple, Lenovo, HP, and Dell. Intel Corporation was founded on July 18,1968, by semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, the companys name was conceived as portmanteau of the words integrated and electronics. The fact that intel is the term for intelligence information made the name appropriate. Intel was a developer of SRAM and DRAM memory chips. Although Intel created the worlds first commercial microprocessor chip in 1971, during the 1990s, Intel invested heavily in new microprocessor designs fostering the rapid growth of the computer industry. The Open Source Technology Center at Intel hosts PowerTOP and LatencyTOP, and supports other projects such as Wayland, Intel Array Building Blocks, and Threading Building Blocks. Client Computing Group – 55% of 2016 revenues – produces hardware components used in desktop, data Center Group – 29% of 2016 revenues – produces hardware components used in server, network, and storage platforms. Internet of Things Group – 5% of 2016 revenues – offers platforms designed for retail, transportation, industrial, buildings, non-Volatile Memory Solutions Group – 4% of 2016 revenues – manufactures NAND flash memory products primarily used in solid-state drives. Intel Security Group – 4% of 2016 revenues – produces software, particularly security, programmable Solutions Group – 3% of 2016 revenues – manufactures programmable semiconductors. In 2016, Dell accounted for 15% of Intels total revenues, Lenovo accounted for 13% of total revenues, in the 1980s, Intel was among the top ten sellers of semiconductors in the world. In 1991, Intel became the biggest chip maker by revenue and has held the position ever since, other top semiconductor companies include TSMC, Advanced Micro Devices, Samsung, Texas Instruments, Toshiba and STMicroelectronics. Competitors in PC chip sets include Advanced Micro Devices, VIA Technologies, Silicon Integrated Systems, however, the cross-licensing agreement is canceled in the event of an AMD bankruptcy or takeover. Some smaller competitors such as VIA Technologies produce low-power x86 processors for small factor computers, however, the advent of such mobile computing devices, in particular, smartphones, has in recent years led to a decline in PC sales. Since over 95% of the worlds smartphones currently use processors designed by ARM Holdings, ARM is also planning to make inroads into the PC and server market. Intel has been involved in disputes regarding violation of antitrust laws. Intel was founded in Mountain View, California in 1968 by Gordon E. Moore, a chemist, and Robert Noyce, arthur Rock helped them find investors, while Max Palevsky was on the board from an early stage. Moore and Noyce had left Fairchild Semiconductor to found Intel, Rock was not an employee, but he was an investor and was chairman of the board 17. – A microprocessor is a computer processor which incorporates the functions of a computers central processing unit on a single integrated circuit, or at most a few integrated circuits. Microprocessors contain both combinational logic and sequential digital logic, Microprocessors operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary numeral system. The integration of a whole CPU onto a chip or on a few chips greatly reduced the cost of processing power. Integrated circuit processors are produced in numbers by highly automated processes resulting in a low per unit cost. Single-chip processors increase reliability as there are many electrical connections to fail. As microprocessor designs get better, the cost of manufacturing a chip generally stays the same, before microprocessors, small computers had been built using racks of circuit boards with many medium- and small-scale integrated circuits. Microprocessors combined this into one or a few large-scale ICs, the internal arrangement of a microprocessor varies depending on the age of the design and the intended purposes of the microprocessor. Advancing technology makes more complex and powerful chips feasible to manufacture, a minimal hypothetical microprocessor might only include an arithmetic logic unit and a control logic section. The ALU performs operations such as addition, subtraction, and operations such as AND or OR, each operation of the ALU sets one or more flags in a status register, which indicate the results of the last operation. The control logic retrieves instruction codes from memory and initiates the sequence of operations required for the ALU to carry out the instruction, a single operation code might affect many individual data paths, registers, and other elements of the processor. As integrated circuit technology advanced, it was feasible to manufacture more and more complex processors on a single chip, the size of data objects became larger, allowing more transistors on a chip allowed word sizes to increase from 4- and 8-bit words up to todays 64-bit words. Additional features were added to the architecture, more on-chip registers sped up programs. Floating-point arithmetic, for example, was not available on 8-bit microprocessors. Integration of the point unit first as a separate integrated circuit and then as part of the same microprocessor chip. Occasionally, physical limitations of integrated circuits made such practices as a bit slice approach necessary, instead of processing all of a long word on one integrated circuit, multiple circuits in parallel processed subsets of each data word. With the ability to put large numbers of transistors on one chip and this CPU cache has the advantage of faster access than off-chip memory, and increases the processing speed of the system for many applications. Processor clock frequency has increased more rapidly than external memory speed, except in the recent past, a microprocessor is a general purpose system. Several specialized processing devices have followed from the technology, A digital signal processor is specialized for signal processing, graphics processing units are processors designed primarily for realtime rendering of 3D images 18. – A die in the context of integrated circuits is a small block of semiconducting material, on which a given functional circuit is fabricated. Typically, integrated circuits are produced in batches on a single wafer of electronic-grade silicon or other semiconductor through processes such as photolithography. The wafer is cut into pieces, each containing one copy of the circuit. Each of these pieces is called a die, there are three commonly used plural forms, dice, dies, and die 19. – Other terms, such as hybrid or hybrid integrated circuit, also refer to MCMs. Multi-chip modules come in a variety of forms depending on the complexity, multi-Chip Module packaging is an important facet of modern electronic miniaturization and micro-electronic systems. MCMs are classified according to the used to create the HDI substrate. The substrate is a multi-layer laminated printed circuit board, the modules are deposited on the base substrate using thin film technology. MCM-C – ceramic substrate MCMs, such as low temperature co-fired ceramic A relatively new development in MCM technology is the so-called chip-stack package, certain ICs, memories in particular, have very similar or identical pinouts when used multiple times within systems. A carefully designed substrate can allow these dies to be stacked in a vertical configuration making the resultant MCMs footprint much smaller. Since area is often at a premium in miniature electronics designs. After a thinning process, as many as ten dies can be stacked to create a high capacity SD memory card 20. – Pentium is a brand used for a series of x86 architecture-compatible microprocessors produced by Intel since 1993. The name Pentium is originally derived from the Greek word penta-πεντα, meaning five (a reference to the prior numeric naming convention of Intels 80n86 processors, during development, Intel generally identifies processors with codenames, such as Prescott, Willamette, Coppermine, Katmai, Klamath, or Deschutes. These usually become widely known, even after the processors are given names on launch. The original Pentium branded CPUs were expected to be named 586 or i586, following Intels prior series of 8086,6,80386, and 80486 microprocessors, the firms first P5-based microprocessor was released as the original Intel Pentium on March 22,1993. Marketing firm Lexicon Branding was hired to coin a name for the new processor, the suffix -ium was chosen as it could connote a fundamental ingredient of a computer, like a chemical element, while the prefix pent- could refer to the fifth generation of x86. Due to its success, the Pentium brand would continue through several generations of high-end processors, in 2006, the name briefly disappeared from Intels technology roadmaps, only to re-emerge in 2007. In 1998, Intel introduced the Celeron brand for low-priced microprocessors, with the 2006 introduction of the Intel Core brand as the companys new flagship line of processors, the Pentium series was to be discontinued. In 2009, the Dual-Core suffix was dropped, and new x86 microprocessors started carrying the plain Pentium name again, in 2014, Intel released the Pentium 20th Anniversary Edition, to mark the 20th anniversary of the Pentium brand. The processors are unlocked and highly overclockable, the original Intel P5 or Pentium and Pentium MMX processors were the superscalar follow-on to the 80486 processor and were marketed from 1993 to 1999. Some versions of these were available as Pentium OverDrive that would fit into older CPU sockets, in parallel with the P5 microarchitecture, Intel developed the P6 microarchitecture and started marketing it as the Pentium Pro for the high-end market in 1995. It introduced out-of-order execution and a second level cache on dual-chip processor package. The second P6 generation replaced the original P5 with the Pentium II and it was followed by a third version named the Pentium III and Pentium III Xeon, respectively. The Pentium II line added the MMX instructions that were present in the Pentium MMX. Versions of these processors for the Laptop market were initially named Mobile Pentium II and Mobile Pentium III, later versions were named Pentium III-M. Starting with the Pentium II, the Celeron brand was used for versions of most Pentium processors with a reduced feature set such as a smaller cache or missing power management features. In 2000, Intel introduced a new microarchitecture named NetBurst, with a much longer pipeline enabling higher clock frequencies than the P6 based processors, initially, these were named Pentium 4 and the high-end versions have since been named simply Xeon. As with Pentium III, there are both Mobile Pentium 4 and Pentium 4 M processors for the market, with Pentium 4 M denoting the more power-efficient versions. Enthusiast versions of the Pentium 4 with the highest clock rate were named Pentium 4 Extreme Edition, the Pentium D was the first multi-core Pentium, integrating two Pentium 4 chips in one package and was available as the enthusiast Pentium Extreme Edition 21. – The Pentium Dual-Core brand was used for mainstream x86-architecture microprocessors from Intel from 2006 to 2009 when it was renamed to Pentium. The processors are based on either the 32-bit Yonah or 64-bit Merom-2M, Allendale, in terms of features, price and performance at a given clock frequency, Pentium Dual-Core processors were positioned above Celeron but below Core and Core 2 microprocessors in Intels product range. The Pentium Dual-Core was also a popular choice for overclocking. Throughout 2009, Intel changed the back from Pentium Dual-Core to Pentium in its publications. Some processors were sold under both names, but the newer E5400 through E6800 desktop and SU4100/T4x00 mobile processors were not officially part of the Pentium Dual-Core line, the first processors using the brand appeared in notebook computers in early 2007. All three of them had a 533 MHz FSB connecting the CPU with the memory, Intel developed the Pentium Dual-Core at the request of laptop manufacturers. Subsequently, on June 3,2007, Intel released the desktop Pentium Dual-Core branded processors known as the Pentium E2140, an E2180 model was released later in September 2007. These processors support the Intel 64 extensions, being based on the newer and these closely resembled the Core 2 Duo E4300 processor with the exception of having 1 MB of L2 cache instead of 2 MB. Both of them had an 800 MHz FSB and they targeted the budget market above the Intel Celeron processors featuring only 512 KB of L2 cache. Such a step marked a change in the Pentium brand, relegating it to the budget segment rather than its position as the mainstream/premium brand. The mobile version of the Allendale processor, the Merom-2M, was introduced in 2007, featuring 1MB of L2 cache. The bus clock was subsequently raised to 667 MT/s with the T3xxx Pentium processors that are made from the same dies. The 45 nm E5200 model was released by Intel on August 31,2008, with a larger 2MB L2 cache over the 65 nm E21xx series and the 2.5 GHz clock speed. The E5200 model is also a highly overclockable processor, with some reaching over 3.6 GHz clock speed using liquid nitrogen cooling. Intel released the E6500K model using this core, the model features an unlocked multiplier, but is currently only sold in China. The Penryn core is the successor to the Merom core and Intels 45 nm version of their series of Pentium Dual-Core microprocessors. The FSB is increased from 667 MHz to 800 MHz and the voltage is lowered, Intel released the first Penryn based Pentium Dual-Core, the T4200, in December 2008. Later, mobile Pentium T4000, SU2000 and SU4000 processors based on Penryn were marketed as Pentium, the Pentium Dual-Core brand has been discontinued in early 2010 and replaced by the Pentium name 22. – The Pentium M is a family of mobile 32-bit single-core x86 microprocessors introduced in March 2003 and forming a part of the Intel Carmel notebook platform under the then new Centrino brand. The Pentium M processors had a thermal design power of 5–27 W depending on the model. The first Pentium M–branded CPU, code-named Banias, was followed by Dothan, the Pentium M-branded processors were succeeded by the Core-branded dual-core mobile Yonah CPU with a modified microarchitecture. It is optimized for efficiency, a vital characteristic for extending notebook computer battery life.6 GHz Pentium M can typically attain or even surpass the performance of a 2.4 GHz Pentium 4-M. The Pentium M740 has been tested to perform up to approximately 7,400 MIPS and 3.9 GFLOPS, the usually power-hungry secondary cache uses an access method which only switches on the portion being accessed. The power requirements of the Pentium M varies from 5 watts when idle to 27 watts at full load and this is useful to notebook manufacturers as it allows them to include the Pentium M into smaller notebooks. An adapter, the CT-479, has also developed by ASUS to allow the use of Pentium M processors in selected ASUS motherboards designed for Socket 478 Pentium 4 processors. Offers packaged Pentium M desktops, marketed for low energy consumption, Pentium M processors are also of interest to embedded systems manufacturers because the low power consumption of the Pentium M allows the design of fanless and miniaturized embedded PCs. As the M line was designed in Israel, the first Pentium M was identified by the codename Banias. Given the product code 80535, it initially had no model number suffix and it was manufactured on a 130 nm process, was released at frequencies from 900 MHz to 1.7 GHz using a 400 MT/s FSB, and had 1 megabyte of Level 2 cache. The core average TDP is 24.5 watts, the CPUID signature for a Banias is 0x69X. On September 17,2003, Intel unveiled plans for releasing its then next-generation of Pentium M processors and it was named after another ancient town in Israel, and it launched formally on May 10,2004. These 700 series Pentium M processors retain the basic design as the original Pentium M. Die size, at 87 mm2, remains in the neighborhood as the original Pentium M, even though the 1000 series contains approximately 140 million transistors. TDP is also down to 21 watts, though power use at lower clockspeeds has increased highly, however, tests conducted by third party hardware review sites show that Banias and Dothan equipped notebooks have roughly equivalent battery life. Additionally third party hardware review sites have benchmarked the Dothan at approx 10-20% better performance than the Banias in most situations, revisions of the Dothan core were released in the first quarter of 2005 with the Sonoma chipsets and supported a 533 MT/s FSB and XD. These processors include the 730,740,750,760 and 770 and these models all have a TDP of 27 W and a 2 MB L2 cache. In July 2005, Intel released the 780 and the low-voltage 778, the processor line has models running at clock speeds from 1.0 GHz to 2.26 GHz as of July 2005 23. – A multi-core processor is a single computing component with two or more independent actual processing units, which are units that read and execute program instructions. The instructions are ordinary CPU instructions, but the multiple cores can run multiple instructions at the same time, manufacturers typically integrate the cores onto a single integrated circuit die, or onto multiple dies in a single chip package. A multi-core processor implements multiprocessing in a physical package. Designers may couple cores in a multi-core device tightly or loosely, for example, cores may or may not share caches, and they may implement message passing or shared-memory inter-core communication methods. Common network topologies to interconnect cores include bus, ring, two-dimensional mesh, homogeneous multi-core systems include only identical cores, heterogeneous multi-core systems have cores that are not identical. Just as with single-processor systems, cores in multi-core systems may implement architectures such as VLIW, superscalar, Multi-core processors are widely used across many application domains, including general-purpose, embedded, network, digital signal processing, and graphics. The improvement in performance gained by the use of a multi-core processor depends very much on the algorithms used. In particular, possible gains are limited by the fraction of the software that can run in parallel simultaneously on multiple cores, most applications, however, are not accelerated so much unless programmers invest a prohibitive amount of effort in re-factoring the whole problem. The parallelization of software is a significant ongoing topic of research, the terms multi-core and dual-core most commonly refer to some sort of central processing unit, but are sometimes also applied to digital signal processors and system on a chip. This article uses the terms multi-core and dual-core for CPUs manufactured on the integrated circuit. In contrast to systems, the term multi-CPU refers to multiple physically separate processing-units. The terms many-core and massively multi-core are sometimes used to describe multi-core architectures with a high number of cores. Some systems use many soft microprocessor cores placed on a single FPGA, each core can be considered a semiconductor intellectual property core as well as a CPU core. While manufacturing technology improves, reducing the size of individual gates and these physical limitations can cause significant heat dissipation and data synchronization problems. Various other methods are used to improve CPU performance, some instruction-level parallelism methods such as superscalar pipelining are suitable for many applications, but are inefficient for others that contain difficult-to-predict code. Many applications are better suited to thread-level parallelism methods, and multiple independent CPUs are commonly used to increase a systems overall TLP, a combination of increased available space and the demand for increased TLP led to the development of multi-core CPUs. Several business motives drive the development of multi-core architectures, for decades, it was possible to improve performance of a CPU by shrinking the area of the integrated circuit, which reduced the cost per device on the IC. Alternatively, for the circuit area, more transistors could be used in the design 24. – A multi-core processor is a single computing component with two or more independent actual processing units, which are units that read and execute program instructions. The instructions are ordinary CPU instructions, but the multiple cores can run multiple instructions at the same time, manufacturers typically integrate the cores onto a single integrated circuit die, or onto multiple dies in a single chip package. A multi-core processor implements multiprocessing in a physical package. Designers may couple cores in a multi-core device tightly or loosely, for example, cores may or may not share caches, and they may implement message passing or shared-memory inter-core communication methods. Common network topologies to interconnect cores include bus, ring, two-dimensional mesh, homogeneous multi-core systems include only identical cores, heterogeneous multi-core systems have cores that are not identical. Just as with single-processor systems, cores in multi-core systems may implement architectures such as VLIW, superscalar, Multi-core processors are widely used across many application domains, including general-purpose, embedded, network, digital signal processing, and graphics. The improvement in performance gained by the use of a multi-core processor depends very much on the algorithms used. In particular, possible gains are limited by the fraction of the software that can run in parallel simultaneously on multiple cores, most applications, however, are not accelerated so much unless programmers invest a prohibitive amount of effort in re-factoring the whole problem. The parallelization of software is a significant ongoing topic of research, the terms multi-core and dual-core most commonly refer to some sort of central processing unit, but are sometimes also applied to digital signal processors and system on a chip. This article uses the terms multi-core and dual-core for CPUs manufactured on the integrated circuit. In contrast to systems, the term multi-CPU refers to multiple physically separate processing-units. The terms many-core and massively multi-core are sometimes used to describe multi-core architectures with a high number of cores. Some systems use many soft microprocessor cores placed on a single FPGA, each core can be considered a semiconductor intellectual property core as well as a CPU core. While manufacturing technology improves, reducing the size of individual gates and these physical limitations can cause significant heat dissipation and data synchronization problems. Various other methods are used to improve CPU performance, some instruction-level parallelism methods such as superscalar pipelining are suitable for many applications, but are inefficient for others that contain difficult-to-predict code. Many applications are better suited to thread-level parallelism methods, and multiple independent CPUs are commonly used to increase a systems overall TLP, a combination of increased available space and the demand for increased TLP led to the development of multi-core CPUs. Several business motives drive the development of multi-core architectures, for decades, it was possible to improve performance of a CPU by shrinking the area of the integrated circuit, which reduced the cost per device on the IC. Alternatively, for the circuit area, more transistors could be used in the design 25. – The Xeon /ˈziːɒn/ is a brand of x86 microprocessors designed, manufactured, and marketed by Intel Corporation, targeted at the non-consumer workstation, server, and embedded system markets. Despite such disadvantages, Xeon processors have always had popularity among users, mainly due to higher core count potential. Because most Intel Xeon CPUs lack an integrated GPU, systems built with such integrated GPU lacking processors require a discrete graphics card if a VDU output is desired, the Xeon brand has been maintained over several generations of x86 and x86-64 processors. Older models added the Xeon moniker to the end of the name of their corresponding desktop processor, the Xeon CPUs generally have more cache than their desktop counterparts in addition to multiprocessing capabilities. The first Xeon-branded processor was the Pentium II Xeon and it was released in 1998, replacing the Pentium Pro in Intels server lineup. The Pentium II Xeon was a Deschutes Pentium II with a full-speed 512 kB,1 MB, the L2 cache was implemented with custom 512 kB SRAMs developed by Intel. The number of SRAMs depended on the amount of cache, a 512 kB configuration required one SRAM, a 1 MB configuration, two SRAMs, and a 2 MB configuration, four SRAMs on both sides of the PCB. Each SRAM was a 12.90 mm by 17.23 mm die fabricated in a 0.35 µm four-layer metal CMOS process, the additional cache required a larger module and thus the Pentium II Xeon used a larger slot, Slot 2. It was supported by the 440GX dual-processor workstation chipset and the 450NX quad- or octo-processor chipset, in 1999, the Pentium II Xeon was replaced by the Pentium III Xeon. The product codes for Tanner mirrored that of Katmai,80525, the second version, named Cascades, was based on the Pentium III Coppermine core. To improve this situation, Intel released another version, officially also named Cascades and that came in two variants, with 1 MB or 2 MB of L2 cache. Its bus speed was fixed at 100 MHz, though in practice the cache was able to offset this, the product code for Cascades mirrored that of Coppermine,80526. In mid-2001, the Xeon brand was introduced, the initial variant that used the new NetBurst microarchitecture, Foster, was slightly different from the desktop Pentium 4. It was a decent chip for workstations, but for server applications it was almost always outperformed by the older Cascades cores with a 2 MB L2 cache, combined with the need to use expensive Rambus Dynamic RAM, the Fosters sales were somewhat unimpressive. This improved performance slightly, but not enough to lift it out of third place and it was also priced much higher than the dual-processor versions. The Foster shared the 80528 product code with Willamette, in 2002 Intel released a 130 nm version of Xeon branded CPU, codenamed Prestonia. It supported Intels new Hyper-Threading technology and had a 512 kB L2 cache and this was based on the Northwood Pentium 4 core. A new server chipset, E7500, was released to support this processor in servers, the Prestonia performed much better than its predecessor and noticeably better than Athlon MP 26. – In computing, x86 virtualization refers to hardware virtualization for the x86 architecture. It allows multiple operating systems to simultaneously share x86 processor resources in a safe, in the late 1990s x86 virtualization was achieved by complex software techniques, necessary to compensate for the processors lack of virtualization support while attaining reasonable performance. In 2006, both Intel and AMD introduced limited hardware virtualization support that allowed simpler virtualization software but offered very little speed benefits, greater hardware support, which allowed substantial speed improvements, came with later processor models. The following discussion focuses only on virtualization of the x86 architecture protected mode, in protected mode the operating system kernel runs at a higher privilege such as ring 0, and applications at a lower privilege such as ring 3. In software-based virtualization, a host OS has direct access to hardware while the guest OSs have limited access to hardware, one approach used in x86 software-based virtualization to overcome this limitation is called ring deprivileging, which involves running the guest OS at a ring higher than 0. To improve performance, the basic blocks need to be cached in a coherent way that detects code patching. A number of key structures used by a processor need to be shadowed. This involves denying the guest OS any access to the page table entries by trapping access attempts. Shadow descriptor tables must therefore be used to track changes made to the tables by the guest OS. I/O device emulation, Unsupported devices on the guest OS must be emulated by a device emulator that runs in the host OS. These techniques incur some performance overhead due to lack of MMU virtualization support, on traditional mainframes, the classic type 1 hypervisor was self-standing and did not depend on any operating system or run any user applications itself. In contrast, the first x86 virtualization products were aimed at workstation computers, there has been some controversy whether the x86 architecture with no hardware assistance is virtualizable as described by Popek and Goldberg. The paravirtualized I/O has significant performance benefits as demonstrated in the original SOSP03 Xen paper, revision D and later 64-bit AMD processors added basic support for segmentation in long mode, making it possible to run 64-bit guests in 64-bit hosts via binary translation. On some platforms, it is possible to run a 64-bit guest on a 32-bit host OS if the processor is 64-bit. In 2005 and 2006, Intel and AMD created new processor extensions to the x86 architecture, the first generation of x86 hardware virtualization addressed the issue of privileged instructions. The issue of low performance of virtualized system memory was addressed with MMU virtualization that was added to the chipset later, hardware support for virtualizing the protected mode itself, however, became available 20 years later. On May 23,2006, AMD released the Athlon 64, the Athlon 64 X2, the APU Fusion processors support AMD-V. AMD-V is not supported by any Socket 939 processors, the only Sempron processors which support it are Huron and Sargas 27. – Intel Active Management Technology is hardware and firmware technology for remote out-of-band management of personal computers, in order to monitor, maintain, update, upgrade, and repair them. Out-of-band or hardware-based management is different from software-based management and software management agents, hardware-based management works at a different level from software applications, uses a communication channel that is different from software-based communication. Hardware-based management does not depend on the presence of an OS or locally installed management agent, AMT is not intended to be used by itself, it is intended to be used with a software management application. AMT is designed into a secondary processor located on the motherboard, AMT is part of the Intel Management Engine, which is built into PCs with Intel vPro technology. AMT provides similar functionality to IPMI, although AMT is designed for client computing systems as compared with the typically server-based IPMI, Intel itself provides a developers toolkit software package which allows basic access to iAMT, but is not intended to be normally used to access the technology. Only basic modes of access are supported, without access to the encrypted communications of the complete purchased management system. Intel AMT includes hardware-based remote management, security, power management, Intel AMT is security and management technology that is built into PCs with Intel vPro technology. PCs with Intel vPro include many other technologies and features. Intel AMT uses a hardware-based out-of-band communication channel that operates regardless of the presence of a operating system. The communication channel is independent of the PCs power state, the presence of a management agent, most AMT features are available OOB, regardless of PC power state. Other features require the PC to be powered up, Intel AMT has remote power-up capability. Hardware-based features can be combined with scripting to automate maintenance and service, hardware-based AMT features on laptop and desktop PCs include, Encrypted, remote communication channel for network traffic between the IT console and Intel AMT. Ability for a wired PC outside the companys firewall on an open LAN to establish a secure communication tunnel back to the IT console, examples of an open LAN include a wired laptop at home or at an SMB site that does not have a proxy server. Remote power up / power down / power cycle through encrypted WOL, remote boot, via integrated device electronics redirect. Console redirection, via serial over LAN, hardware-based filters for monitoring packet headers in inbound and outbound network traffic for known threats, and for monitoring known / unknown threats based on time-based heuristics. Laptops and desktop PCs have filters to monitor packet headers, desktop PCs have packet-header filters and time-based filters. Isolation circuitry to port-block, rate-limit, or fully isolate a PC that might be compromised or infected, Agent presence checking, via hardware-based, policy-based programmable timers. A miss generates an event, you can specify that the event generate an alert, persistent event log, stored in protected memory 28. – A desktop computer is a personal computer designed for regular use at a single location on or near a desk or table due to its size and power requirements. The most common configuration has a case that houses the power supply, motherboard, disk storage, a keyboard and mouse for input, and a monitor, and, often. The case may be oriented horizontally or vertically and placed either underneath, beside, an all-in-one desktop computer typically combines the case and monitor in one unit. Early computers took up the space of a whole room, minicomputers generally fit into one or a few refrigerator-sized racks. The very first programmable calculator/computer was marketed in the half of the 1960s. More desktop models were introduced in 1971, leading to a model programmable in BASIC in 1972 and this one used a smaller version of a minicomputer design based on read-only memory and had small one-line LED alphanumeric displays. They could draw computer graphics with a plotter, over the course of the 1990s, desktop cases gradually became less common than the more-accessible tower cases that may be located on the floor under or beside a desk rather than on a desk. Not only do these tower cases had more room for expansion, Desktop cases, particularly the compact form factors, remain popular for corporate computing environments and kiosks. Some computer cases can be positioned either horizontally or upright. While desktops have long been the most common configuration for PCs, notably, while desktops were mainly produced in the United States, laptops had long been produced by contract manufacturers based in Asia, such as Foxconn. This shift led to the closure of the many desktop assembly plants in the United States by 2010, battery-powered portable computers had just 2% worldwide market share in 1986. However, laptops have become popular, both for business and personal use. Around 109 million notebook PCs shipped worldwide in 2007, a growth of 33% compared to 2006, in 2008, it was estimated that 145.9 million notebooks were sold, and that the number would grow in 2009 to 177.7 million. The third quarter of 2008 was the first time when worldwide notebook PC shipments exceeded desktops, the change in sales of form factors is due to the desktop iMac moving from affordable to upscale and subsequent releases are considered premium all-in-ones. The decades of development means that most people already own desktop computers that meet their needs and have no need of buying a new one merely to keep pace with advancing technology. Recently, some analysts have suggested that Windows 8 has actually hurt sales of PCs in 2012, the post-PC trend has seen a decline in the sales of desktop and laptop PCs. The decline has been attributed to increased power and applications of computing devices, namely smartphones. Among PC form factors, desktops remain a staple in the market but have lost popularity among home buyers 29. – Laptops are folded shut for transportation, and thus are suitable for mobile use. Although originally there was a distinction between laptops and notebooks, the former being bigger and heavier than the latter, as of 2014, there is often no longer any difference. Laptops are commonly used in a variety of settings, such as at work, in education, Internet surfing using sites such as YouTube and for personal multimedia, most 2016-era laptops also have integrated webcams and built-in microphones. Laptops can be powered either from a battery or by an external power supply from an AC adapter. Hardware specifications, such as the speed and memory capacity. Design elements, form factor, and construction can also vary significantly between models depending on intended use, as portable computers evolved into the modern laptop, they became widely used for a variety of purposes. The terms laptop and notebook are used interchangeably to describe a computer in English. Regardless of the etymology, by the late 1990s, the terms were interchangeable, as the personal computer became feasible in 1971, the idea of a portable personal computer soon followed. A personal, portable information manipulator was imagined by Alan Kay at Xerox PARC in 1968, the IBM Special Computer APL Machine Portable was demonstrated in 1973. This prototype was based on the IBM PALM processor, the IBM5100, the first commercially available portable computer, appeared in September 1975, and was based on the SCAMP prototype. As 8-bit CPU machines became widely accepted, the number of portables increased rapidly, the Osborne 1, released in 1981, used the Zilog Z80 and weighed 23.6 pounds. It had no battery, a 5 in CRT screen, in the same year the first laptop-sized portable computer, the Epson HX-20, was announced. The Epson had an LCD screen, a battery. Both Tandy/RadioShack and HP also produced portable computers of varying designs during this period, the first laptops using the flip form factor appeared in the early 1980s. The Dulmont Magnum was released in Australia in 1981–82, but was not marketed internationally until 1984–85, the US$8,150 GRiD Compass 1101, released in 1982, was used at NASA and by the military, among others. The Sharp PC-5000, Ampere and Gavilan SC released in 1983, the Gavilan SC was the first computer described as a laptop by its manufacturer, while the Ampere had a modern clamshell design. The Toshiba T1100 won acceptance not only among PC experts but the market as a way to have PC portability. From 1983 onward, several new techniques were developed and included in laptops, including the touchpad, the pointing stick 30. – Conroe is the code name for many Intel processors sold as Core 2 Duo, Xeon, Pentium Dual-Core and Celeron. It was the first desktop processor to be based on the Core microarchitecture and it has product code 80557, which is shared with Allendale and Conroe-L that are very similar but have a smaller L2 cache. Conroe-L has only one core and a new CPUID model. The mobile version of Conroe is Merom, the server version is Woodcrest. Conroe was replaced by the 45 nm Wolfdale processor, the first Intel Core 2 Duo branded processor cores, code-named Conroe, were launched on July 27,2006, at Fragapalooza, a yearly gaming event in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. These processors were fabricated on 300 mm wafers using a 65 nm manufacturing process and these Conroe-based E6300 and E6400 CPUs have the B2 stepping. The lower end E6300 and E6400, both with a 1066 MHz FSB, were released on July 27,2006. Traditionally, CPUs of the family with less cache simply have the unavailable cache disabled. When yields improve, they may be replaced with versions that only have the amount needed on the die. At launch time, Intels prices for the Core 2 Duo E6300 and E6400 processors were US$183, Conroe CPUs have improved capabilities over previous models with similar processor clock rates. The higher end Conroe processors are the E6600 and E6700 Core 2 Duo models, the family has a 1066 MHz front side bus,4 MB shared L2 cache, and 65 watts TDP. These processors have been tested against AMDs then-current top performing processors, which were, until this latest Intel release, Conroe chips also produce less heat than their predecessors — a benefit of the new 65 nm technology and the more efficient microarchitecture. At launch time, Intels prices for the Core 2 Duo E6600 and E6700 processors were US$316 and US$530, respectively, each in quantities of 1000. E6320 and E6420 Conroe CPUs at 1.86 and 2.13 GHz respectively were launched on April 22,2007 featuring a full 4 MB of cache and are considered Conroes, Intel released four additional Core 2 Duo Processors on July 22,2007. The release coincided with that of the Intel Bearlake chipsets, the new processors are named Core 2 Duo E6540, E6550, E6750, and E6850. Processors with an ending in 50 have a 1333 MHz FSB. The processors all have 4 MB of L2 cache and their clock frequency is similar to that of the already released processors with the same first two digits. An additional model, the E6540, was launched with similar to the E6550 but lacking Intel Trusted Execution Technology 31. – Wolfdale is the code name for a processor from Intel that is sold in varying configurations as Core 2 Duo, Celeron, Pentium and Xeon. In Intels Tick-Tock cycle, the 2007/2008 Tick was Penryn microarchitecture and this replaced the Conroe processor with Wolfdale. The Wolfdale chips come in two sizes, with 6 MB and 3 MB L2 cache, the version is commonly called Wolfdale-3M. The mobile version of Wolfdale is Penryn and the server version is Wolfdale-DP. The Yorkfield desktop processor is a quad-core Multi-chip module of Wolfdale, Wolfdale was replaced by Nehalem based Clarkdale and its Sandy Bridge successor. Wolfdale is the codename for the E8000 series of Core 2 Duo desktop processors, released on January 20,2008, the chips are manufactured using a 45-nanometer process and feature two processor cores. The Wolfdale models operate at 2.53 GHz,2.66 GHz,2.83 GHz,3.0 GHz,3.16 GHz,3.33 GHz, and 3.5 GHz, the E31x0 and E8xxx series utilizes 6 MB of L2 cache and a 1333 MT/s FSB. These processors include the SSE4.1 media extensions, Wolfdale uses a product code 80570. Wolfdale-3M is the successor of Allendale and uses the 82 mm² dies with 3 MB L2 cache similar to Penryn-3M. It is used in the Core 2 E7xxx series as well as the E5xxx/E6xxx Pentium Dual-Core, the Xeon L3014 and E3113 processors are Wolfdale-CL with product code 80588, in an LGA771 package. L3014 has only one core,3 MB L2 cache and it does not support Intel VT-x, both E3113 and E3110 clock to 3Ghz on a 1333Mhz FSB. Wolfdale-CL follows an earlier Conroe-CL processor, and Yorkfield-CL is the respective Quad-Core version of Wolfdale-CL, Wolfdale was replaced by the 45 nm Nehalem processor. Core Conroe Yorkfield Wolfdale-DP Penryn Lynnfield Celeron Pentium Dual-Core Intel Core 2 32. – Penryn is the code name of a processor from Intel that is sold in varying configurations as Core 2 Solo, Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Quad, Pentium and Celeron. During development, Penryn was the Intel code name for the 2007/2008 Tick of Intels Tick-Tock cycle which shrunk Merom to 45 nanometers as CPUID model 23, the term Penryn is sometimes used to refer to all 45 nm chips with the Core architecture. Chips with Penryn architecture come in two sizes, with 6 MiB and 3 MiB L2 cache, low power versions of Penryn are known as the Penryn-L, these are single-core processors. The Penryn-QC quad-cores are made from two chips with two cores and 6 MB of cache per chip, the desktop version of Penryn is Wolfdale and the dual-socket server version is Wolfdale-DP. Penryn-QC is related to Yorkfield on the desktop and Harpertown in servers, the MP server Dunnington chip is a more distant relative based on a different chip but using the same 45 nm Core microarchitecture. Penryn was replaced by the Nehalem based Arrandale and Clarksfield, the successor to the Merom core for the Core 2 Duo T5000/T7000 series mobile processors, code-named Penryn, debuted on the 45 nanometer process. Many details about Penryn appeared at the April 2007 Intel Developer Forum, important advances include the addition of new instructions including SSE4 and new fabrication materials, most significantly a hafnium-based high-k dielectric. Penryn is paired with the 2007 desktop chipset series, Bearlake, some of whose models include an increase in bus performance to 1333 MT/s, Intels new 45 nm Penryn-based Core 2 Duo and Core 2 Extreme processors were released on January 6,2008. The new processors launched exclusively with a TDP of 35 W. HP began to offer the first model, the T9500 offers a 2.6 GHz clock rate, higher than all but the Extreme Edition of the Merom range, and 6 MB of Level 2 Cache. Intel released an Apple-only Exxx chip on April 28,2008 that increased the rate to 3.06 GHz as well as increasing the Front Side Bus to 1066 MT/s. While it is used in computers and has an E8xxx name, it uses the same packaging as mobile CPUs and is therefore considered a Penryn. All SL9xxx, SP9xxx, P9xxx, T9xxx and X9xxx processors are Penryn with the full 6 MB L2 cache enabled and they are indistinguishable by software, but Penryn uses product code 80576. The smaller Penryn-3M is used in mobile processors with an L2 Cache 3 MB or less as a successor to Merom-2M, the entry level Penryn-3M Core 2 processor is the T6xxx series, with 2 MB L2 Cache and begins with the T6400 at a clock rate of 2 GHz. Other Penryn-3M based processor series are Celeron T3xxx, Pentium T4xxx, however, it has a separate product code of 80585. Penryn-L is used in the ultra-low voltage Core 2 SU3xxx, the standard voltage Celeron 9xx, the Celeron versions have only 1 MB active L2 cache, Pentium versions have 2 MB. In August 2008 Intel released their first two quad-core processors for notebooks, the Core 2 Quad Q9100 and Core 2 Extreme QX9300, as these require more power and cooling than other Penryn processors they are not automatically compatible with all Centrino 2 notebooks. Also the Extreme version requires the GS45/GM45/PM45 chipset, Core Merom Wolfdale Clarksfield Celeron Pentium Dual-Core Intel Core 2 33. – Kentsfield is the code name of the first Intel desktop quad core CPU branded Core 2, released on November 2,2006. The top-of-the-line Kentsfields were Core 2 Extreme models numbered QX6xx0, while the mainstream ones branded Core 2 Quad were numbered Q6xx0, all of them featured two 4 MB L2 caches. The mainstream Core 2 Quad Q6600, clocked at 2.4 GHz, was launched on January 8,2007 at US$851. July 22,2007 marked the release of the Q6700, and Extreme QX6850 Kentsfields at US$530, both Kentsfield and Kentsfield XE use product code 80562. Analogous to the Pentium D branded CPUs, the Kentsfields comprise two separate silicon dies on one MCM. Also, as might be predicted from the two-die MCM configuration, the multiple cores of the Kentsfield most benefit applications that can easily be broken into a small number of parallel threads. To take an example, multi-threaded games such as Crysis and Gears of War which must perform multiple simultaneous tasks such as AI, audio. In such cases, the performance may increase relative to that of a single-CPU system by a factor approaching the number of CPUs. This should, however, be considered a limit as it presupposes the user-level software is well-threaded. To return to the example, some tests have demonstrated that Crysis fails to take advantage of more than two cores at any given time. There is still, however, some involved in coordinating execution of multiple processes or threads. Finally, on the level there exists the possibility of bottlenecks arising from the sharing of memory and/or I/O bandwidth between processors. The first Kentsfield XE, named Core 2 Extreme QX6700 and clocked at 2.67 GHz, was released on November 2,2006, January 4,2008, marks its discontinuation. It featured the Kentsfield XE core, and complemented the Core 2 Extreme X6800 dual-core processor based on the Conroe XE core, like their dual core Extreme predecessors, CPUs with the Kentsfield XE core had unlocked multipliers. The Core 2 Extreme QX6800 clocked at 2.93 GHz was released on April 8,2007 and it had a 130 W TDP thermal envelope, and was intended for high end OEM-only systems. The Core 2 Extreme QX6850 clocked at 3.0 GHz was launched on July 22,2007 and it featured a faster 1333 MT/s FSB. Simultaneously, the previously available Extreme QX6700 was reduced in price, the dual-core desktop version of Kentsfield is Conroe, the server versions of Kentsfield are the dual-processor Clovertown and the multi-processor Tigerton. Kentsfield was subsequently replaced by the 45 nm Yorkfield processor 34. – Nehalem /nəˈheɪləm/ is the codename for an Intel processor microarchitecture, which is the successor to the older Core microarchitecture. The first generation of the Intel Core series of processors, Nehalem designs led to the introduction of Core i7, the subsequent Westmere and Sandy Bridge designs would include Core i3 processors. Nehalem is a recycled Intel codename and namesake of the Nehalem River and it is an architecture that differs radically from Netburst, while retaining some of the latters minor features. Nehalem-based microprocessors use the 45 nm process, run at higher clock speeds, hyper-threading is reintroduced, along with a reduction in L2 cache size, as well as an enlarged L3 cache that is shared among all cores. Nehalem was replaced with the Sandy Bridge microarchitecture, released in January 2011, cache line block on L2/L3 cache was reduced from 128 bytes in Netburst & Conroe/Penryn to 64 bytes per line in this generation. 4–12 MB L3 cache Instruction Fetch Unit containing second-level branch predictor with two level Branch Target Buffer and Return Stack Buffer, Nehalem also supports all predictor types previously used in Intels processors like Indirect Predictor and Loop Detector. Second level unified TLB that contains 512 entries for small pages only,3 integer ALU,2 vector ALU and 2 AGU per core. 20 to 24 pipeline stages It has been reported that Nehalem has a focus on performance, overclocking is possible with Bloomfield processors and the X58 chipset. Lynnfield processors use a PCH removing the need for a northbridge, Nehalem processors incorporate SSE4.2 SIMD instructions, adding seven new instructions to the SSE4.1 set in the Core 2 series. The Nehalem architecture reduces atomic operation latency by 50% in an attempt to eliminate overhead on atomic operations such as the LOCK CMPXCHG compare-and-swap instruction, lynnfield processors feature 16 PCIe lanes, which can be used in 1x16 or 2x8 configuration. 16500 series scalable up to 2 sockets,7500 series scalable up to 4/8 sockets, Intel states the Gainestown processors have six memory channels. Gainestown processors have dual QPI links and have a set of memory registers for each link in effect. The successor to Nehalem and Westmere is Sandy Bridge, list of Intel CPU microarchitectures Tick-Tock model Nehalem processor at Intel. Neuroanatomy Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or 'lesions' to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions. For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy. The first known written record of a study of the anatomy of the human brain is the ancient Egyptian document the Edwin Smith Papyrus. The next major development in neuroanatomy came from the Greek Alcmaeon, who determined that the brain and not the heart ruled the body and that the senses were dependent on the brain. After Alcmaeon’s findings, many scientists, philosophers, and physicians from around the world continued to contribute to the understanding of neuroanatomy, notably: Galen, Herophilus, Rhazes and Erasistratus. Herophilus and Erasistratus of Alexandria were perhaps the most influential Greek neuroscientists with their studies involving dissecting the brains. For several hundred years afterward, with the cultural taboo of dissection, no major progress occurred in neuroscience. However, Pope Sixtus IV effectively revitalized the study of neuroanatomy by altering the papal policy and allowing human dissection. This resulted in a boom of research in neuroanatomy by artists and scientists of the Renaissance Note that such descriptors (dorsal/ventral, rostral/caudal; medial/lateral) are relative rather than absolute (e.g., a lateral structure may be said to lie medial to something else that lies even more laterally). Commonly used terms for planes of orientation or planes of section in neuroanatomy are 'sagittal', 'transverse' or 'coronal', and 'axial' or 'horizontal'. Again in this case, the situation is different for swimming, creeping or quadrupedal (prone) animals than for Man, or other erect species, due to the changed position of the axis. A mid-sagittal plane divides the body and brain into left and right halves; sagittal sections in general are parallel to this median plane, moving along the medial-lateral dimension(see the image above). The term sagittal refers etymologically to the median suture between the right and left parietal bones of the cranium, known classically as sagittal suture, because it looks roughly like an arrow by its confluence with other sutures (sagitta; arrow in Latin). Histochemistry uses knowledge about biochemical reaction properties of the chemical constituents of the brain (including notably enzymes) to apply selective methods of reaction to visualize where they occur in the brain and any functional or pathological changes. This applies importantly to molecules related to neurotransmitter production and metabolism, but applies likewise in many other directions chemoarchitecture, or chemical neuroanatomy. Immunocytochemistry is a special case of histochemistry that uses selective antibodies against a variety of chemical epitopes of the nervous system to selectively stain particular cell types, axonal fascicles, neuropiles, glial processes or blood vessels, or specific intracytoplasmic or intranuclear proteins and other immunogenetic molecules, e.g., neurotransmitters. Immunoreacted transcription factor proteins reveal genomic readout in terms of translated protein. This immensely increases the capacity of researchers to distinguish between different cell types (such as neurons and glia) in various regions of the nervous system. The brain is small and simple in some species, such as the nematode worm, where the body plan is quite simple: a tube with a hollow gut cavity running from the mouth to the anus, and a nerve cord with an enlargement (a ganglion) for each body segment, with an especially large ganglion at the front, called the brain. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been studied because of its importance in genetics. In the early 1970s, Sydney Brenner chose it as a model system for studying the way that genes control development, including neuronal development. One advantage of working with this worm is that the nervous system of the hermaphrodite contains exactly 302 neurons, always in the same places, making identical synaptic connections in every worm. Brenner's team sliced worms into thousands of ultrathin sections and photographed every section under an electron microscope, then visually matched fibers from section to section, to map out every neuron and synapse in the entire body, to give a complete connectome of the nematode. For the convenience of our valued customers, r-loops SHOP offers you a chance to download three FREE sample packs for one order! 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